STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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presents a different challenge; many coatings are fragile and must be protected from exposure, and thus cannot be used on monolithic glass. Coatings such as the low-E coatings discussed in Chapter 2 must be applied to the inner face (the number 2 or 3 face) of a laminated or insulated panel. Such coatings are referred to as “soft” coatings. There are however, “hard” coatings available. These are called pyrolytic coatings, and are applied by the float glass producers as an on-line process such that the coating is fused into the glass surface. The coated surface is used as the number 2 (inside) surface. Different manufacturers offer different products of varying performance. Strength: Strength is purely a function of the glass material as defined above. Break Pattern: The break patters is purely a function of the glass material as defined above. Spontaneous Breakage: As above in the heat-treatment section, spontaneous breakage is only an issue in tempered glass, so a tempered monolithic panel would be subject to this consideration, and should be heat-soaked (see Chapter 2) if used in a frameless glass system. Safety: Tempered monolithic glass qualifies as safety glass. Optical Distortion: Optical distortion is a function of heat-treatment, so this potential exists in heat-strengthened and tempered monolithic panels. Size Limitation: Size is a function of heat-treatment as indicated in the previous section. Application: Monolithic glass or single-glazing is used where thermal and security considerations are not issues, and where economy is. Monolithic glass is used in structural glass facades where the pursuit of maximum transparency is the overriding 251
objective; monolithic panels of low-iron glass with an anti-reflective coating use in a frameless glass system and provided with a wet-glazed silicone seal, provide the very maximum in transparency. Even though tempered monolithic qualifies as safety glass, it will still fall from the glass support with the potential of damaging property and injuring people. Laminated glass is a superior product in most applications because if is less likely to drop from the support. Laminated glass has other significant benefits over monolithic glass. Laminated Description: Laminated glass refers to the fabrication practice of bonding two or more sheets of glass through the use of an interlayer material, typically polyvinyl butyral or PVB. The PVB is a sheet material that is sandwiched between the leaves or plies of glass, and in the presence of pressure and heat provides a continuous bond between the glass plies. Fabrication: Laminated annealed glass can be easily fabricated. Large sheets of laminated annealed are produced by some fabricators and supplied to small glaziers having no laminating capability, but can cut and machine the panels the same as they would a monolithic piece of glass. However, laminated panels that include heat-treated plies must have all machining work completed prior to laminating. One of the challenges with laminated glass in point-fixed applications requiring drilled tempered glass is assuring that the holes in the two plies of tempered glass remain aligned during the bonding process. Strength: The combined glass thickness of a laminated panel is generally less strong than a piece of monolithic glass of the same thickness. 252
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
Page 221 and 222: Constructability Fabrication: The c
Page 223 and 224: opportunities for exploring facetin
Page 225 and 226: Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
Page 237 and 238: Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
Page 239 and 240: problematic, as the structures are
Page 241 and 242: deflections relative to the façade
Page 243 and 244: Stability in the cable truss is pro
Page 245 and 246: Resources and Technology Maturity:
Page 247 and 248: Installation: Installation is signi
Page 249 and 250: Design issues: The determination of
Page 251 and 252: Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
Page 253 and 254: Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
Page 255 and 256: Pre-tension requirements: The cable
Page 257 and 258: Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
Page 259 and 260: Glass system interface: The interfa
Page 261 and 262: Structural Performance Spanning cap
Page 263 and 264: Structural Efficiency (strength to
Page 265 and 266: 6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
Page 267 and 268: 6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
Page 269 and 270: Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
Page 271: Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
Page 275 and 276: equipment. Depending upon these var
Page 277 and 278: deflections exceed this requirement
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Page 281 and 282: Transparency Relative transparency
Page 283 and 284: What follows is a consideration of
Page 285 and 286: Design issues: These systems must b
Page 287 and 288: Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
Page 289 and 290: Constructability Fabrication: All f
Page 291 and 292: Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
Page 293 and 294: then treated identically to point-f
Page 295 and 296: Accommodation of movement: As with
Page 297 and 298: Geometric flexibility: One of the a
Page 299 and 300: all-bearing head that provides for
Page 301 and 302: effectively clamping the glass to t
Page 303 and 304: Constructability Fabrication: Glass
Page 305 and 306: For a more sophisticated program us
Page 307 and 308: lighting costs should also be figur
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
Page 311 and 312: grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
Page 313 and 314: 7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
Page 315 and 316: 7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
Page 317 and 318: Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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Page 321 and 322: Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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