STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Group A: This is a tough question. There is no way for the participants to have known this beforehand, and it is only treated in cursory fashion in the learning program. Of the four that ventured and answer in the 1 st test, three responded incorrectly. Two of these selected, are maximum transparency glazing systems, when in fact the veneer systems are highly efficient but generally the least transparent of the available options. Again, four respondents did not change their ”don’t know” answer. Question 13 The weather seal is typically a silicone gasket around the perimeter of each glass panel. is typically a butt-glazed joint made with field applied wet silicone. is a problem with point-fixed glazing systems. must be installed before the glass is finally positioned. I don’t know. This question was answered incorrectly 45% and 50% of the time on the 1 st and 2 nd test respectively by Group A, and 42% and 29% of the time on the 1 st and 2 nd test respectively by Group B. Group A: This question only had one person go from a “don’t know” response to the incorrect response of “is typically a silicone gasket around the perimeter of each glass panel.” This is far and away the 2 nd best answer, almost a trick from the best response. In addition, two “don’t know” responders selected the correct response on the 2 nd test. Unhappily, four of the initial responders with incorrect answers were not dissuaded from their answers by the program presentation and stuck with the same wrong answer. In each case however, it was the same 2 nd best answer as discussed above. There is an obvious opportunity with the program to clarify the difference between a wet-glazed silicone seal and a silicone gasket. 377
Question 14 Glass for point-fixed systems is usually tempered. cannot be insulated. has a low-E coating. must be laminated. I don’t know. This question was answered incorrectly 27% and 30% of the time on the 1 st and 2 nd test respectively by Group A, and 17% and 0% of the time on the 1 st and 2 nd test respectively by Group B. Group A: One responder switched from an incorrect to the correct response in the 2 nd test. The two “don’t know” responders split, one selecting the correct response and the other the incorrect response. Two of the three incorrect responses on the 2 nd test were must be laminated, indicating there was some confusion regarding the glass types and their application on structural glass facades. Again, this presents an opportunity to provide focus and clarity in the learning program. Question 15 Façade structure types must use some type of point-fixed glass. have only been around a few years. are usually more expensive than the glass and glass systems they support. can typically support several variations of glass system types. all of the above. I don’t know. 378
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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Page 349 and 350: FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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Page 357 and 358: Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
Page 359 and 360: Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
Page 361 and 362: Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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Page 365 and 366: 8.2 Summary The background research
Page 367 and 368: Long-span façade structures Simpl
Page 369 and 370: 9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
Page 371 and 372: The testing of Group A was administ
Page 373 and 374: Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
Page 375 and 376: Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
Page 377 and 378: Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 379 and 380: y the learning program. This may re
Page 381 and 382: Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 383 and 384: incorrect responses was 14% in the
Page 385 and 386: presentation is clearly emboldening
Page 387 and 388: Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
Page 389 and 390: "Don't Know" Responses by Category;
Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
Page 393 and 394: Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
Page 395 and 396: This question was answered incorrec
Page 397: Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
Page 401 and 402: Please circle one number only for e
Page 403 and 404: after they were given the presentat
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Page 409 and 410: V n = number of vertical grid modul
Page 411 and 412: Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
Page 413 and 414: H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
Page 415 and 416: Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
Page 417 and 418: Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
Page 419 and 420: pyramid structure when the distribu
Page 421 and 422: The author is not a Web designer or
Page 423 and 424: 10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
Page 425 and 426: Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
Page 427 and 428: and load conditions. A testing meth
Page 429 and 430: The need is for education and resou
Page 431 and 432: information. Better organization of
Page 433 and 434: institutions such as the Massachuse
Page 435 and 436: The important issue of sustainabili
Page 437 and 438: accommodate application needs from
Page 439 and 440: 10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
Page 441 and 442: Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
Page 443 and 444: Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
Page 445 and 446: Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
Page 447 and 448: Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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