STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Material suppliers and subcontractors: All readily available. Durability and Maintenance: Steel strongbacks will require some form or finish protection depending upon conditions of use. Inside surfaces of tube sections must also be considered if the tubes are left open. Sustainability: General parity with truss systems in short-span applications. Efficiency decreases as span increases. Structural Performance Spanning capacity: Typically used in the range of approximately 8 to 20 ft (2.4 to 6m). Span/Depth (L/d) characteristics: 15 to 20. Typical deflection criteria: Design depth to match long-span structure system type. Prestress requirements: None. Reaction Loads: Tributary area. Structural Efficiency: Relatively low efficiency. Improved shapes can provide somewhat improved efficiency over open sections. Seismic behavior: A function of section properties. Behavior under extreme loading conditions: Will not perform as well as more flexible systems. 199
Constructability Fabrication: The choice of steel fabricator will depend upon the complexity of the strongback design. Installation: Relatively simple; typically tied off at outside of floor slabs. Economy Strongback systems are in general parity with conventional curtain wall systems. Used only for smaller spans, so cost comparison to long-span structure types is not relevant. Table 6-4 Glass fin attributes. 6.1.3.2 Glass Fin Glass Fin: Summary of Predominant Attributes The closest thing to an all glass facade Very high transparency, but less than flat cable nets Surface geometry is limited; flat or curved vertical surfaces are most common Vertical glass fins, full or partial height depending on span, located at each vertical glass grid joint Maximum fin length approximately 15 to 17 ft (4.6 to 5.2m); longer spans require metal splice plates Systems most often suspended, but small spans can be base loaded Suspended fin-supported glass walls were the seminal technology for structural glass facades. Drilled or pinched point-fixed glazing systems typical span/depth = 8 to 10 Deflection criteria = L/175 Dead load reactions to overhead structure with suspended system must be accounted for Costs ranges from moderate to high depending upon span and load, but increases rapidly with span; cost factor 2.0 200
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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Page 171 and 172: to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174: 4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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Page 177 and 178: website acts as a resource in suppo
Page 179 and 180: It is interesting to note that tool
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Page 193 and 194: Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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Page 203 and 204: Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
Page 219: Design Considerations The strongbac
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Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
Page 237 and 238: Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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Page 247 and 248: Installation: Installation is signi
Page 249 and 250: Design issues: The determination of
Page 251 and 252: Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
Page 253 and 254: Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
Page 255 and 256: Pre-tension requirements: The cable
Page 257 and 258: Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
Page 259 and 260: Glass system interface: The interfa
Page 261 and 262: Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Page 265 and 266: 6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
Page 267 and 268: 6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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