STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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had no idea of the answer. If they thought they knew but were not entirely sure, they were encouraged to provide the answer they thought correct. The participants were instructed to put a name on their test for tracking purposes. 9.1.2.1..2 Subjective Questions The quantitative multiple-choice questions were followed by a series of qualitative subjective questions using an itemized rating scale as follows: 1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree 3 = ambivalent 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree 9.1.2.2 “A” Group Monday, 18 February 2008: Group A was given the test prior to the presentation of the learning program described in Chapter 9. The test took approximately 10 minutes to complete. The learning program was then presented, lasting approximately one hour including some questions during and after the presentation. A short break was taken, and the test forms the participants had already completed were returned to them. They had not been told that they would be retaking the test after the program. They were instructed to review the test and modify any answers as they felt appropriate. This took approximately another 10 minutes. The test forms were then collected for analysis. 349
The testing of Group A was administered in a manner that facilitated participation by the subjects in both tests. Even in this group however, one participant failed to respond to the 2 nd test. This was more of a problem with Group B. 9.1.2.3 “B” Groups Friday, 22 February 2008: The identical test was distributed to Group B before the presentation of the identical leaning program to this group. Again, testing took approximately 10 minutes to complete. The test forms were then collected and the program presented, lasting approximately one hour as before. In contrast with Group A, Group B was not retested until over two weeks later. The participants were not told that they would be retested. On 10 March 2008 the participants were given a nearly identical test (the test included some additional qualitative questions not included on the first test) along with a handout documenting the presentation they were given two weeks earlier. They were instructed to complete the test again, and told that they could use the handout if needed. The handout is intended as a prototype tutorial. The material was left with the subjects, and picked up two days later. Only seven of the original 12 participants responded to the 2 nd test. Two participants of the 2 nd test did not participate in the 1 st test. These two are excluded from the base B Group used in comparative analysis between Groups A and B, but they are included with the base group in the subjective responses discussed below. As the two participants represent a unique case, they have been designated as Group B3 Another useful differentiation of the B Group is with respect to those who used the tutorial and those who did not. Participants who responded to subjective questioning indicating they did use the tutorial were used to populate a Group B1; those that did not use the tutorial (or indicated that they did not rely on it or use it much) were delegated to a Group B2. Only 350
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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Page 321 and 322: Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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Page 335 and 336: Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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Page 341 and 342: Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
Page 343 and 344: Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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Page 365 and 366: 8.2 Summary The background research
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Page 369: 9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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Page 375 and 376: Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
Page 377 and 378: Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 379 and 380: y the learning program. This may re
Page 381 and 382: Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
Page 389 and 390: "Don't Know" Responses by Category;
Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
Page 393 and 394: Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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Page 399 and 400: Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Page 409 and 410: V n = number of vertical grid modul
Page 411 and 412: Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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Page 415 and 416: Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
Page 417 and 418: Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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