STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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7.2.1.1 Web Authoring Software Two HTML authoring programs were used. Dreamweaver (version CS3 was used here) by Adobe Systems is among the most popular, if not the most popular, with those not expert in writing HTML code. The program is a visually-oriented tool for writing HTML code, and greatly facilitates the process. Web authoring has fairly recently moved to the use of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), a formatting language that has replaced cumbersome HTML techniques. It is used in conjunction with the HTML code, and Dreamweaver supports both, encouraging the user to utilize HTML for the basic structuring of the pages and CSS for formatting. Web development is not simple however, and the use of tools such as Dreamweaver requires some considerable time to master to any significant degree of competency. Good 3 rd -party documentation provides valuable support in learning the program. David McFarland (2007, p.2), author of one such book, comments, “Dreamweaver is a complete Web site production and management tool. It works with Web technologies like HTML, XHTML, CSS, and JavaScript.” There are also a large number of online tutorials available, both through Adobe and 3 rd -parties. The other authoring tool used here was Expression Web by Microsoft. It was released in 2006 and intended to replace FrontPage (Microsoft Expression Web 2008). The program is remarkably similar in form and function to Dreamweaver. Owing to its relatively recent release, there is far less documentation supporting the product however, either from Microsoft or 3 rd -party vendors, although that can be expected to change. Expression is not merely a new version of FrontPage, it is an entirely new web design platform of Microsoft. The reason for this development is new Web standards that have emerged in recent years, with which FrontPage could not comply. Jim Cheshire (2007, p.XXX) comments, “Microsoft desperately needed a Web design tool that would adhere to current Web standards, and they needed a Web design tool that would make creating and maintaining a standardsdriven Web site easy.” Both Dreamweaver and Expression are standards compliant. 297
The World Wide Web is a unique medium, and there is thus a unique art to the design of Web pages, which should be explored by the aspiring Web designer. There is a remarkable diversity of books on the subject, ranging from useful to mediocre. If one were to be restricted to a single book, the author would recommend Don’t Make Me Think (Krug 2006). 7.3 The “Explorer” Modules The explorer modules are intended as information-rich topical resources to be accessed from FacadeDesigner.com. They include the primary systems and categorization developed in this thesis. 7.3.1 GlassExplorer The GlassExplorer module contains information relative to: glass material, glass panel fabrications, and glass fixing systems, as discussed in Chapter 2 and categorized in Chapter 6. It is accessed via a link from any page of the website, or from various links strategically placed in the design modules. Figure 7.4 shows the GlassExplorer Webpage in development. 298
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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Page 271 and 272: Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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Page 289 and 290: Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Page 303 and 304: Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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Page 309 and 310: Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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Page 313 and 314: 7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
Page 315 and 316: 7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
Page 317: Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
Page 321 and 322: Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
Page 323 and 324: This module has not been developed
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Page 335 and 336: Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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Page 341 and 342: Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
Page 343 and 344: Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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Page 357 and 358: Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Page 365 and 366: 8.2 Summary The background research
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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