STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Material suppliers and subcontractors: Truss fabrication is somewhat more challenging than with simple trusses, and tolerances become more critical, but there is general parity between the simple truss and cable truss in this respect. Durability and Maintenance: As with the simple truss, the concern is for the painted steel finish. If the structure is interior to the façade the finish should have a 10-year lifespan with minimal maintenance. Sustainability: General parity between systems. Structural Performance Spanning capacity: Mast trusses are flexible in their spanning capacity. Spans in the 20 to 70 ft. range are reasonably economical. Longer span are achievable. Truss design may be complicated by the requirements of accommodating building movement at the interface of façade and supporting structure or other systems (i.e., roof). Span/Depth (L/d) characteristics: L/d = 8 to10. Typical deflection criteria: L/175. Pre-tension requirements: Confined to truss assembly; no prestress loads transferred to boundary structure. Lateral bracing and stay bracing may requires simple pre-tensioning. Reaction Loads: Trusses can be hung or base-loaded. Hung trusses can be lighter, but require heavy steel overhead support. As with the simple truss, mast truss systems are typically base loaded, and not designed to support the roof, meaning the truss-top connection detail must be designed to transfer lateral loads from the facade into the roof structure, but not pick up any vertical dead or live loads from the roof structure. Roof 219
deflections relative to the façade must be carefully analyzed. Reaction loads are in the normal range for any long-spanning closed system. Structural Efficiency: Mast trusses exhibit improved efficiency over simple trusses. Seismic behavior: Good, generally lighter and more flexible than simple trusses, capable of accommodating sizeable movements. Behavior under extreme loading conditions: Not as good as the cable systems, but better that simple trusses because of increased flexibility. Constructability Fabrication: In addition to AWS D1.1, the American Welding Society specification for structural welds, exposed steel structures are generally specified to the AESS (Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel) specification as provided by the AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). This specification helps to define the expected craftsmanship in the work. Quality paint finish is predominant concern. All materials must be handled, packed and shipped in a manner to preserve the paint finish throughout the fabrication and installation process. Installation: The assembly and installation is more challenging than with simple trusses. It is critical that the bracing struts supporting the glass plane are located to high tolerances during installation. Cable bracing is often installed in the field to accommodate shipping of the trusses, and the cable tensioning must be done systematically to control truss deformations during assembly. A full section of the structure should be installed and accurately surveyed to determine conformance with specified field tolerances before commencing installation of glazing. 220
Page 1 and 2:
STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
Page 3 and 4:
Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
Page 5 and 6:
One cannot help but burden others w
Page 7 and 8:
6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
Page 9 and 10:
Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
Page 11 and 12:
List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
Page 17 and 18:
Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
Page 21 and 22:
Abstract This thesis formulates a h
Page 23 and 24:
The push by leading architects for
Page 25 and 26:
Barriers to Implementation As with
Page 27 and 28:
The primary focus of this thesis wi
Page 29 and 30:
Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
Page 31 and 32:
facades as used herein refers to th
Page 33 and 34:
The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
Page 35 and 36:
1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
Page 37 and 38:
the great cathedrals of the period
Page 39 and 40:
1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
Page 41 and 42:
1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
Page 43 and 44:
structure is exposed, and thus beco
Page 45 and 46:
necessarily the case, however. Nort
Page 47 and 48:
and practitioners of this style, Wa
Page 49 and 50:
In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
Page 51 and 52:
1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
Page 53 and 54:
of glass are transparency, transluc
Page 55 and 56:
Opacity is the opposite of transpar
Page 57 and 58:
Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
Page 61 and 62:
Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
Page 63 and 64:
presentations on the technology usu
Page 65 and 66:
was not constructed until the 1950
Page 67 and 68:
1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
Page 69 and 70:
In a common development pattern, se
Page 71 and 72:
from the yachting industry and used
Page 73 and 74:
imitation reveals itself here; repe
Page 75 and 76:
their lack of familiarity with it.
Page 77 and 78:
Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
Page 81 and 82:
2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
Page 83 and 84:
2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
Page 85 and 86:
Various geometries are possible, mo
Page 87 and 88:
The application of trusses as part
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
Page 91 and 92:
A large cavity double-skin façade
Page 93 and 94:
Fuller later went on to develop ten
Page 95 and 96:
stabilized, or closed systems; stab
Page 97 and 98:
2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
Page 99 and 100:
Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
Page 101 and 102:
these materials. High performance t
Page 103 and 104:
or some similar process to produce
Page 105 and 106:
Individual wires are fist twisted i
Page 107 and 108:
2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
Page 109 and 110:
processing adding value in some man
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
Page 113 and 114:
2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
Page 115 and 116:
laminated panel comprised of a temp
Page 117 and 118:
of the spacer, and the application
Page 119 and 120:
applied by a process of vacuum (spu
Page 121 and 122:
The illustration on the left shows
Page 123 and 124:
2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
Page 125 and 126:
to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
Page 127 and 128:
later) may exhibit worsened distort
Page 129 and 130:
glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
Page 131 and 132:
“Float glass thickness range from
Page 133 and 134:
pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
Page 135 and 136:
A measure of heat gain or heat loss
Page 137 and 138:
Fortunately, glass producers again
Page 139 and 140:
2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
Page 141 and 142:
The rainscreen principle has become
Page 143 and 144:
with the outer glass surface. This
Page 145 and 146:
2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
Page 147 and 148:
frequently mechanically attaché th
Page 149 and 150:
Alternatively, structural glass fac
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
Page 153 and 154:
New strategies and project delivery
Page 155 and 156:
costs are extremely low throughout
Page 157 and 158:
3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
Page 159 and 160:
A design/builder may provide instal
Page 161 and 162:
3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
Page 163 and 164:
The budget can be developed along w
Page 165 and 166:
3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168:
3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170:
3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
Page 171 and 172:
to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174:
4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
Page 175 and 176:
On selection of an exterior color f
Page 177 and 178:
website acts as a resource in suppo
Page 179 and 180:
It is interesting to note that tool
Page 181 and 182:
easons, many interactive tutorials
Page 183 and 184:
“Human Resources In-house expert
Page 185 and 186:
an overall architectural project,
Page 187 and 188:
contextual imagery and a general de
Page 189 and 190: 4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
Page 191 and 192: cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
Page 193 and 194: Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
Page 195 and 196: 5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 1 defines structural glass
Page 199 and 200: technology into the mainstream cons
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
Page 203 and 204: Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
Page 205 and 206: 6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
Page 207 and 208: measure of the relative ease of des
Page 209 and 210: Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
Page 211 and 212: to work. There is great opportunity
Page 213 and 214: eing extremely efficient on a stren
Page 215 and 216: much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
Page 219 and 220: Design Considerations The strongbac
Page 221 and 222: Constructability Fabrication: The c
Page 223 and 224: opportunities for exploring facetin
Page 225 and 226: Constructability Fabrication: If sp
Page 227 and 228: square-on-offset-square derived fro
Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
Page 237 and 238: Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
Page 239: problematic, as the structures are
Page 243 and 244: Stability in the cable truss is pro
Page 245 and 246: Resources and Technology Maturity:
Page 247 and 248: Installation: Installation is signi
Page 249 and 250: Design issues: The determination of
Page 251 and 252: Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
Page 253 and 254: Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
Page 255 and 256: Pre-tension requirements: The cable
Page 257 and 258: Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
Page 259 and 260: Glass system interface: The interfa
Page 261 and 262: Structural Performance Spanning cap
Page 263 and 264: Structural Efficiency (strength to
Page 265 and 266: 6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
Page 267 and 268: 6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
Page 269 and 270: Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
Page 271 and 272: Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
Page 273 and 274: objective; monolithic panels of low
Page 275 and 276: equipment. Depending upon these var
Page 277 and 278: deflections exceed this requirement
Page 279 and 280: consideration, and should be heat-s
Page 281 and 282: Transparency Relative transparency
Page 283 and 284: What follows is a consideration of
Page 285 and 286: Design issues: These systems must b
Page 287 and 288: Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
Page 289 and 290: Constructability Fabrication: All f
Page 291 and 292:
Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
Page 293 and 294:
then treated identically to point-f
Page 295 and 296:
Accommodation of movement: As with
Page 297 and 298:
Geometric flexibility: One of the a
Page 299 and 300:
all-bearing head that provides for
Page 301 and 302:
effectively clamping the glass to t
Page 303 and 304:
Constructability Fabrication: Glass
Page 305 and 306:
For a more sophisticated program us
Page 307 and 308:
lighting costs should also be figur
Page 309 and 310:
Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
Page 311 and 312:
grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
Page 313 and 314:
7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
Page 315 and 316:
7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
Page 319 and 320:
The World Wide Web is a unique medi
Page 321 and 322:
Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
Page 323 and 324:
This module has not been developed
Page 325 and 326:
deflections. As will be seen, the t
Page 327 and 328:
F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
Page 329 and 330:
F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
Page 331 and 332:
Calculate front chord stress ratio;
Page 333 and 334:
analysis eliminates the formation o
Page 335 and 336:
Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
Page 337 and 338:
output of the analysis, along with
Page 339 and 340:
Solving for cable force, the additi
Page 341 and 342:
Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
Page 343 and 344:
Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
Page 345 and 346:
H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
Page 347 and 348:
show a vertically oriented glass gr
Page 349 and 350:
FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
Page 351 and 352:
elevations, sections and details. T
Page 353 and 354:
inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
Page 355 and 356:
maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
Page 357 and 358:
Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
Page 361 and 362:
Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
Page 363 and 364:
application to the AIA/CES to becom
Page 365 and 366:
8.2 Summary The background research
Page 367 and 368:
Long-span façade structures Simpl
Page 369 and 370:
9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
Page 371 and 372:
The testing of Group A was administ
Page 373 and 374:
Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
Page 375 and 376:
Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
Page 377 and 378:
Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 379 and 380:
y the learning program. This may re
Page 381 and 382:
Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
Page 383 and 384:
incorrect responses was 14% in the
Page 385 and 386:
presentation is clearly emboldening
Page 387 and 388:
Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
Page 389 and 390:
"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
Page 391 and 392:
Question 10 Tempered glass is
Page 393 and 394:
Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
Page 395 and 396:
This question was answered incorrec
Page 397 and 398:
Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
Page 399 and 400:
Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
Page 401 and 402:
Please circle one number only for e
Page 403 and 404:
after they were given the presentat
Page 405 and 406:
The average response here fell one
Page 407 and 408:
inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
Page 409 and 410:
V n = number of vertical grid modul
Page 411 and 412:
Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
Page 413 and 414:
H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
Page 415 and 416:
Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
Page 417 and 418:
Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
Page 419 and 420:
pyramid structure when the distribu
Page 421 and 422:
The author is not a Web designer or
Page 423 and 424:
10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
Page 425 and 426:
Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
Page 427 and 428:
and load conditions. A testing meth
Page 429 and 430:
The need is for education and resou
Page 431 and 432:
information. Better organization of
Page 433 and 434:
institutions such as the Massachuse
Page 435 and 436:
The important issue of sustainabili
Page 437 and 438:
accommodate application needs from
Page 439 and 440:
10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
Page 441 and 442:
Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
Page 443 and 444:
Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
Page 445 and 446:
Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
Page 447 and 448:
Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
Page 449 and 450:
Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
show all

STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?