STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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design application of the system for testing purposes. In combination with other design strategies consistent with security concerns, such research could be of some significant value. 10.3.4 Productization of Structural Glass Façade System Types What Is a Product It is no coincidence that the often referenced Willis Faber & Dumas building, designated herein as the birth-point of structural glass façade technology, is the first application of a suspended glass façade product brought to market by Pilkington, a prominent global glass supplier. Pilkington has led the market in the development of structural glass façade products and technology, and in so doing has arguably done more than anyone or anything else in diffusing the technology into a broader market. The single-glazed suspended system used in the Willis Faber building has evolved into today’s Pilkington Planar system, arguably the leading structural glass system in the marketplace. The Planar system is supported by product samples, connection details, product specifications, technical support, case studies, design guidelines, test reports, installation guides and an industry leading 12-year warranty; everything required to address the full building process from concept design through installation. This is what defines a product. Yet this product has been used to produce repeated innovation in structural glass facades including designs of incredible diversity and range. However, in many applications designers are able to take the Planar product and apply it to an evolving design, essentially designing around the product requirements, with little industry support and no requirement for a specialty consultant. The potential is to develop product systems out of the various structural types, “standardized” products able to accommodate significant design diversity in their application. This is not simply a matter of providing a stainless steel cable net vertex clamp. This level of product is already available. The opportunity is for robust product systems that 415
accommodate application needs from concept design through installation. Using the cable net example, a cable net product in this sense would include design tools, guidelines and tutorials, samples, images, connection and interface details for a range of applications, technical information and support, product specifications, installation equipment, methods and support, and a system warranty, and of course cables and all components, all available as a single package with or without glass. No one in the market is doing this with the structural systems that make up structural glass façade technology. The key to unlocking this potential is the same dynamic as with the Willis Faber building; a partnership between industry and the designer whereby the designer is provided with the tools, information and know-how required to design with the product. 10.3.5 Applications to Multi-story and High-rise Structures Little has changed in the curtain wall technology used to clad high-rise buildings since its widespread adoption in the mid 20 th century. If there is to be any radical innovation in the manner in which such structures are clad, it is very likely to emerge from the cutting-edge of structural glass façade technology. A Cable Supported Curtain Wall System Conventional curtain walls are constructed from aluminum extrusions that act as a structural framing system for the glass or other panel cladding material. An alternative worthy of exploration would be a cable based system. Steel cables running vertically on the glazing grid could be attached at each floor slab. A variety of glass systems are already designed for attachment to a cable system. Fire-safing and spandrel panels of various configurations could be designed as part of the system. Dual-skin glass panel types could also be developed. Alternate weather seal strategies could also be explored. Conventional curtain wall systems use extrusions with complex section configurations designed to provide pressure 416
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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Page 387 and 388: Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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Page 391 and 392: Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Page 417 and 418: Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
Page 419 and 420: pyramid structure when the distribu
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Page 423 and 424: 10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
Page 425 and 426: Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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Page 435: The important issue of sustainabili
Page 439 and 440: 10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
Page 441 and 442: Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
Page 443 and 444: Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
Page 445 and 446: Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
Page 447 and 448: Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
Page 449 and 450: Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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