STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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proven to be the best generalized strategy in enhancing the acoustic performance characteristics of a glass panel. Different thicknesses of glass effect different frequencies, so it is often beneficial to laminate different thicknesses of glass. Acoustics is discussed in Chapter 2.4.3.2. 6.4.1.10 Fire Rating Wired glass is the conventional solution to code or specification requirements for a fire rated glass. There are a variety of tested fire-rated products in the marketplace. Pilkington offers its Pyrostop clear laminated safety glass for these applications. 6.4.1.11 Electromagnetic Shielding Glass coatings can now provide some level of electromagnetic shielding for high security buildings. 6.4.1.12 Code and Safety Requirements Local, regional or national building codes may dictate the type of glass to be used and must always be carefully examined to assure the specification of the appropriate glass type. 6.4.1.13 Durability and Maintenance Glass is a highly durable material in most applications. Quality and warranties vary, and care must be taken in qualifying an appropriate glass fabricator. Glass requires periodic cleaning. Pilkington has developed a “self-cleaning” glass; a coated glass that helps prevent dirt from adhering to the glass so that it is easily washed from the surface. 287
Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and Concept Development Methodology The intent of this Chapter is to define a methodology for the development of the conceptual design of a structural glass façade. The mapping of a comprehensive methodology is a prime objective of this thesis, while the requirements of implementation are necessarily limited to the development of those elements which can provide proof of concept. Both the methodology and the design guidelines, tools and resources that support it are discussed and contextualized in this Chapter, regardless of whether they have been developed as part of this thesis. The methodology developed here incorporates design tools, resources and guidelines as relevant, and attempts to embody the content developed previously in this thesis. The scope of this conceptual design process is discussed in Chapter 3. It does not coincide with the conventional phases of schematic design, design development and contract documents that the architect typically undertakes on design/bid/build projects. Concept development involves activities comprising much of the schematic design phase and key components of the design development phase. This is intended to be a simplified methodology that provides the designer with a streamlined implementation process. Figure 7.1 below attempts to map this methodology. The methodology is embodied in a program referred to herein as FacadeDesigner. The reddish boxes represent process points requiring user input. The colored circles represent various resource modules as described herein and intended to facilitate the methodology. 288
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Alternatively, structural glass fac
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Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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New strategies and project delivery
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costs are extremely low throughout
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3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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A design/builder may provide instal
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3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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The budget can be developed along w
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3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
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3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
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3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
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to related websites. In the case of
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4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
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On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
Page 257 and 258: Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
Page 259 and 260: Glass system interface: The interfa
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Page 265 and 266: 6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
Page 267 and 268: 6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
Page 269 and 270: Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
Page 271 and 272: Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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Page 275 and 276: equipment. Depending upon these var
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Page 281 and 282: Transparency Relative transparency
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Page 287 and 288: Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
Page 289 and 290: Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Page 295 and 296: Accommodation of movement: As with
Page 297 and 298: Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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Page 303 and 304: Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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Page 307: lighting costs should also be figur
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Page 313 and 314: 7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
Page 315 and 316: 7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
Page 317 and 318: Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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Page 321 and 322: Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
Page 323 and 324: This module has not been developed
Page 325 and 326: deflections. As will be seen, the t
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Page 331 and 332: Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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Page 335 and 336: Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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Page 341 and 342: Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
Page 343 and 344: Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
Page 345 and 346: H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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Page 349 and 350: FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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Page 357 and 358: Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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