STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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evaluation by the designer. A prototype has been developed as part of this thesis and is described in Chapter 7.6. 5.2.2.3 Reference Materials Reference materials are a key part of any resource, and websites are an excellent means of providing convenient and easy access to these materials. Reference materials include relevant papers, articles, case studies, system and product descriptions and specifications, example details, and links to related manufacturer’s websites. 5.2.2.4 Learning Programs Tools are not enough by themselves. Users must be taught how to use the tools for them to be effective. And it takes more than a hammer to build a house; the user must learn the context, the full breadth of the technology in which the tool will be used. This is a critical component of any effective resource, and vital to enabling aspiring adopters. A tutorialbased learning program for structural glass facades is developed here within the context of the AIA/CES guidelines (see Chapter 4.3.4). 179
Chapter 6 - Categorization and Organization of Materials, Processes and Systems Chapter 2 discussed in general terms attributes of the various materials, processes, and system types that comprise structural glass façade technology. This Chapter will categorize the structural systems, glass types, and glass systems that make up the technology. A strategy for categorization is defined, and each system type is addressed. A distinct set of evaluation criteria is developed for each of the primary systems; structure type, glass type, and glass system type. Each categorized element is then evaluated with respect to the appropriate criteria. The resulting attributes provide a detailed basis for comparison between the categorized items. The identification of a body of completed works comprised of glass-clad façade structures with certain differentiating attributes as characterized herein has been hypothesized as representing a unique building technology. Certain evidence has been provided in this regard. A core test of this hypothesis will be the development of a rational organization and categorization scheme for the elements perceived as comprising this technology. The hypothesis further states that this body of façade constructs is best categorized by the integral structural systems supporting the facades. Secondary elements of glass and glass system are recognized as lesser opportunities for such treatment. The discussion in this Chapter will be limited to brief system descriptions, categorization issues, and comparative analysis of the defined classes. An expanded discussion of the structural system, glass and glass system types is included in Chapter 2. 180
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
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their lack of familiarity with it.
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Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
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Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
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2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
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2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
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Various geometries are possible, mo
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The application of trusses as part
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Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
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A large cavity double-skin façade
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Fuller later went on to develop ten
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stabilized, or closed systems; stab
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2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
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Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
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these materials. High performance t
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or some similar process to produce
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Individual wires are fist twisted i
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2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
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processing adding value in some man
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Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
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2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
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laminated panel comprised of a temp
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of the spacer, and the application
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applied by a process of vacuum (spu
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The illustration on the left shows
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2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
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to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
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later) may exhibit worsened distort
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glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
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“Float glass thickness range from
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pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
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A measure of heat gain or heat loss
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Fortunately, glass producers again
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2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
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The rainscreen principle has become
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with the outer glass surface. This
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2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
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frequently mechanically attaché th
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Page 151 and 152: Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
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Page 157 and 158: 3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
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Page 161 and 162: 3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
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Page 165 and 166: 3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168: 3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170: 3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
Page 171 and 172: to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174: 4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
Page 175 and 176: On selection of an exterior color f
Page 177 and 178: website acts as a resource in suppo
Page 179 and 180: It is interesting to note that tool
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Page 187 and 188: contextual imagery and a general de
Page 189 and 190: 4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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Page 193 and 194: Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
Page 195 and 196: 5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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Page 203 and 204: Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
Page 205 and 206: 6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
Page 219 and 220: Design Considerations The strongbac
Page 221 and 222: Constructability Fabrication: The c
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Page 225 and 226: Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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Page 229 and 230: Glass system interface: Any glass s
Page 231 and 232: Constructability Fabrication: As di
Page 233 and 234: Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
Page 235 and 236: Durability and Maintenance: The con
Page 237 and 238: Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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Page 245 and 246: Resources and Technology Maturity:
Page 247 and 248: Installation: Installation is signi
Page 249 and 250: Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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