STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES - USC School of Architecture

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Fully Tempered Glass (FT) Glass that has been heat-treated to have either a minimum surface compression of 10,000 psi or an edge compression not less than 9,700 psi in accordance with the requirements of ASTM C 1048, kind FT or meet the requirements of ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR 1201 safety glazing standards. Tempered glass is 4-5 times stronger than annealed glass, and when broken, breaks into small, relatively harmless, pieces. Glass with fully tempered surfaces is typically four times stronger than annealed glass and two times as strong as heat-strengthened glass of the same thickness, size and type. In the event that fully tempered glass is broken, it will break into fairly small pieces, reducing the chance for injury. In doing so, the small glass shards make it more likely that the glass will become separated from the opening. The minimum surface compression for fully-tempered glass is 10,000 psi. In addition, it complies with the safety glazing requirements as outlined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z97.1 and the federal safety standard Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) 16 CFR 1201. 2.4.2.4 Roller-wave The glass panel lies on a horizontal bed of rollers as it moves through the oven. As the glass is heated in the tempering process and approaches its plastic state, it is subject to slumping between the supporting rollers resulting in a wavy glass surface called roller-wave. Glass is seen largely though the reflections it produces, and excessive roller-wave can be seen in the distorted reflections produced by the wavy glass surface. The direction of the waves should be installed in the horizontal direction, meaning that the vertical dimension of the glass should be parallel to the rollers during tempering. This may not be possible if the glass module has a landscape as opposed to portrait orientation. Laminated glass (two panes of glass glued together with a plastic interlayer as described 105
later) may exhibit worsened distortion if the roller-wave of each piece is coincident, producing a lens affect. (Excessive roller-wave in laminated glass can also cause delamination.) All tempered glass will exhibit some level of roller-wave, but the magnitude can vary widely between manufacturers. In high quality frameless glass systems, roller-wave is an important consideration, and an appropriate tolerance should be determined and specified. Unfortunately, in the US, the industry standard for heat-treated glass, ASTM C1048 Standard Specification for Heat- Treated Flat Glass-Kind HS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass, discusses distortion but defines no tolerance or minimum standard. Roller-wave tolerances can be specified within certain limits, although not all manufacturers will be able to meet a more demanding specification. Bow and edge lift are also possible forms of distortion resulting from the heat-treating process, though of lesser concern. Pilkington has set the leading industry standard with respect to roller wave distortion in the production of their architectural glass, significantly bettering regulatory standards where they exist. 106
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STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES: A UNIQUE
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Dedication To my bride, Victoria Me
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One cannot help but burden others w
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6.4 Other Considerations in Glass S
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Table 6-6 Simple truss attributes.
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Berlin C
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Figure 2.1 Tension rod rigging term
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Figure 2.28 Diagram of low-E functi
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Figure 6.12 New Beijing Poly Plaza;
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Figure 8.7 Glass and the glass manu
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Abstract This thesis formulates a h
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The push by leading architects for
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Barriers to Implementation As with
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The primary focus of this thesis wi
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Chapter 1 - Context 1.1 Structural
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facades as used herein refers to th
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The vaulted enclosure spans six tra
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1.2.2 Architectural Use of Glass It
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the great cathedrals of the period
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1.2.4 Glass as Building Skin Struct
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1.2.5 The Advent of the Curtain Wal
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structure is exposed, and thus beco
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necessarily the case, however. Nort
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and practitioners of this style, Wa
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In the same manner, Mies van der Ro
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1.3.2 Emergence of Structural Glass
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of glass are transparency, transluc
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Opacity is the opposite of transpar
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Willis Faber & Dumas Building Ipswi
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Figure 1.18 Louvre Pyramid by night
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Channel 4 Headquarters London; Rich
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presentations on the technology usu
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was not constructed until the 1950
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1.3.6 Practitioners The following e
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In a common development pattern, se
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from the yachting industry and used
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imitation reveals itself here; repe
Page 75 and 76: their lack of familiarity with it.
Page 77 and 78: Oil prices blowing by USD 100 per b
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2 - Materials, Processes, a
Page 81 and 82: 2.2.1 Structures and Strategies for
Page 83 and 84: 2.2.2 Strongbacks and Glass Fins St
Page 85 and 86: Various geometries are possible, mo
Page 87 and 88: The application of trusses as part
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.8 Truss identification: br
Page 91 and 92: A large cavity double-skin façade
Page 93 and 94: Fuller later went on to develop ten
Page 95 and 96: stabilized, or closed systems; stab
Page 97 and 98: 2.2.9.2 Cable Net The addition of h
Page 99 and 100: Kieran Kelley-Sneed, a former profe
Page 101 and 102: these materials. High performance t
Page 103 and 104: or some similar process to produce
Page 105 and 106: Individual wires are fist twisted i
Page 107 and 108: 2.3.3.2 Rods Design innovations are
Page 109 and 110: processing adding value in some man
Page 111 and 112: Table 2-4 Raw materials used in typ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.1.6 Laminated Glass Laminated g
Page 115 and 116: laminated panel comprised of a temp
Page 117 and 118: of the spacer, and the application
Page 119 and 120: applied by a process of vacuum (spu
Page 121 and 122: The illustration on the left shows
Page 123 and 124: 2.4.1.11 Specifying Glass Specifyin
Page 125: to as annealed glass. Subsequent pr
Page 129 and 130: glass above). In fact, perhaps owin
Page 131 and 132: “Float glass thickness range from
Page 133 and 134: pieces of glass with a ½” air sp
Page 135 and 136: A measure of heat gain or heat loss
Page 137 and 138: Fortunately, glass producers again
Page 139 and 140: 2.5.2 Stick Systems Most curtain wa
Page 141 and 142: The rainscreen principle has become
Page 143 and 144: with the outer glass surface. This
Page 145 and 146: 2.5.9 Structural Glazing Structural
Page 147 and 148: frequently mechanically attaché th
Page 149 and 150: Alternatively, structural glass fac
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 3 - Building Products, Proc
Page 153 and 154: New strategies and project delivery
Page 155 and 156: costs are extremely low throughout
Page 157 and 158: 3.1.3 Fabrication Fabrication requi
Page 159 and 160: A design/builder may provide instal
Page 161 and 162: 3.2.1.2 Weaknesses of Design/Bid/Bu
Page 163 and 164: The budget can be developed along w
Page 165 and 166: 3.2.3.1 Strengths of Design/Assist
Page 167 and 168: 3.3.1.2 Develop an appropriate surf
Page 169 and 170: 3.3.2.1 Representative Drawings Pla
Page 171 and 172: to related websites. In the case of
Page 173 and 174: 4.2.1 Wizards A common type of desi
Page 175 and 176: On selection of an exterior color f
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website acts as a resource in suppo
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It is interesting to note that tool
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easons, many interactive tutorials
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“Human Resources In-house expert
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an overall architectural project,
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contextual imagery and a general de
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4.5 The Medium 4.5.1 Print Digital
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cost ranging from 25 to 50 dollars
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Figure 4.8 PowerPoint presentation
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5.1.4 It is conceivable to facilita
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Chapter 1 defines structural glass
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technology into the mainstream cons
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Chapter 6 - Categorization and Orga
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Table 6-2 Morphological categorizat
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6.1.2 Definition of Evaluation Crit
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measure of the relative ease of des
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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to work. There is great opportunity
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eing extremely efficient on a stren
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much as 20-30 percent. Thus, it is
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Figure 6.2 Generalized behavior att
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Design Considerations The strongbac
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Constructability Fabrication: The c
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opportunities for exploring facetin
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Constructability Fabrication: If sp
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square-on-offset-square derived fro
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Glass system interface: Any glass s
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Constructability Fabrication: As di
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Morphology Vertical trusses are ali
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Durability and Maintenance: The con
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Table 6-7 Mast truss attributes. 6.
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problematic, as the structures are
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deflections relative to the façade
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Stability in the cable truss is pro
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Resources and Technology Maturity:
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Installation: Installation is signi
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Design issues: The determination of
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Gymnastics Arena fabric clad tenseg
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: G
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Pre-tension requirements: The cable
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Morphology Cable-hung structures ha
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Glass system interface: The interfa
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Structural Performance Spanning cap
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Structural Efficiency (strength to
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6.2.1 Categorization Scheme Table 6
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6.2.3 Class Comparisons: Applicatio
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Optical Distortion: The heat-treati
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Size Limitation: Viracon, the large
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objective; monolithic panels of low
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equipment. Depending upon these var
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deflections exceed this requirement
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consideration, and should be heat-s
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Transparency Relative transparency
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What follows is a consideration of
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Design issues: These systems must b
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Design Considerations Aesthetics: O
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Constructability Fabrication: All f
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Material Suppliers and Subcontracto
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then treated identically to point-f
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Accommodation of movement: As with
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Geometric flexibility: One of the a
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all-bearing head that provides for
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effectively clamping the glass to t
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Constructability Fabrication: Glass
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For a more sophisticated program us
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lighting costs should also be figur
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Chapter 7 - Tools, Resources, and C
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grid anomalies, and other nonstanda
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7.1 A Simple Case The theory is tha
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7.1.3 Vertical Span / Horizontal Sp
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Figure 7.3 FacadeDesigner.com homep
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The World Wide Web is a unique medi
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Figure 7.5 StructureExplorer Web pa
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This module has not been developed
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deflections. As will be seen, the t
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F af 2 Vm/ryf F y 1- 0.
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F ab 2 Vm/ryb F y 1- 0.
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Calculate front chord stress ratio;
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analysis eliminates the formation o
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Figure 7.9 Dynamic relaxation veloc
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output of the analysis, along with
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Solving for cable force, the additi
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Figure 7.12 FacadeDesigner: select
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Figure 7.13 FacadeDesigner: glass g
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H m = H s / H n V m = V s / V n Or,
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show a vertically oriented glass gr
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FaçadeDesigner is thus linked to S
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elevations, sections and details. T
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inadvertent and unnecessary, and ea
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maximum timeframe. However, the Exp
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Figure 8.2 Introductory page requir
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Figure 8.5 Glass system types are i
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Figure 8.9 Each system type is pres
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application to the AIA/CES to becom
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8.2 Summary The background research
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Long-span façade structures Simpl
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9.1.1 Test Subjects Group A is comp
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The testing of Group A was administ
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Subjective questions 1-5, column 2,
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Table 9-4 Group B, 2nd test results
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Group A 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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y the learning program. This may re
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Group B 1st Test Correct Respnses I
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incorrect responses was 14% in the
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presentation is clearly emboldening
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Figure 9.10 Comparison of group A a
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"Don't Know" Responses by Category;
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Question 10 Tempered glass is
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Group A Incorrect Responses: Change
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This question was answered incorrec
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Perhaps the shift from I-don’t-kn
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Question 14 Glass for point-fixed s
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Please circle one number only for e
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after they were given the presentat
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The average response here fell one
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inclusion in StructureDesigner, and
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V n = number of vertical grid modul
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Table 9-5 Cable net; omparison of t
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H m = horizontal module (ft) H n =
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Table 9-6 Simple truss; comparison
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Chapter 10 - Summary and Conclusion
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pyramid structure when the distribu
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The author is not a Web designer or
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10.2.2 FaçadeDesigner; the Methodo
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Tutorials An objective of FacadeDes
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and load conditions. A testing meth
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The need is for education and resou
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information. Better organization of
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institutions such as the Massachuse
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The important issue of sustainabili
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accommodate application needs from
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10.3.6 Diffusion of Innovation in A
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Bibliography Amato, I 1997. Stuff;
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Cambridge 2000 Gallery 2005. Willis
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Glass skyscraper n.d. Model of glas
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Nardella, M 2007. Interior of Garde
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Seagram Building n.d. Photograph of
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