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120 AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 Figure 7.9. Maintaining Course. 7.6. Station Passage. 7.6.1. VOR and VOR/DME. Station passage occurs when the TO-FROM indicator makes the first positive change to FROM. For RMI/BDHI only, station passage is
AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 121 determined when the bearing pointer passes 90 degrees to the inbound course. 7.6.2. TACAN. Station passage is determined when the range indicator stops decreasing. 7.6.3. ADF. Station passage is determined when the bearing pointer passes 90° to the inbound course. 7.6.3.1. NOTE: When established in an NDB holding pattern, subsequent station passage may be determined by using the first definite move by the bearing pointer through 45° index on the RMI. 7.7. Time and Distance Check. To compute time and distance from a station, first turn the aircraft to place the bearing pointer on the nearest 90° index. Note the time and maintain heading. When the bearing pointer has moved 10°, note the elapsed time in seconds and apply the following formulas to determine time and distance: 7.7.1. Divide the elapsed time in seconds by the degrees of bearing change to obtain minutes from the station: 120 divided by 10 = 12 minutes from the station. 7.7.2. Multiply your groundspeed in nautical miles per minute by the minutes from the station. 7.7.2.1. NOTE: The accuracy of time and distance checks is governed by the existing wind, the degree of bearing change, and the accuracy of timing. The number of variables involved causes the result to be an approximation. However, by flying an accurate heading and checking the time and bearing closely, you can get a reasonable estimate of time and distance from the station. 7.8. Groundspeed Check. Groundspeed checks are done to aid in calculating ETAs to fixes, which are useful for position reports, fuel computations and other mission timing problems. 7.8.1. Conditions. A groundspeed check can be made while maintaining a course to or from a TACAN/VORTAC station. As a guide, however, groundspeed checks should be performed only when the aircraft slant range distance is more than the aircraft altitude divided by 1,000. For example, if the aircraft is at FL 200, groundspeed checks should be performed when beyond 20 nautical miles. Checks made below 5,000 feet are accurate at any distance. 7.8.2. Begin Timing. To perform the groundspeed check, begin timing when the range indicator shows a whole number. After the predetermined time has elapsed, check the range indicator and note the distance flown. Apply the following formula to determine groundspeed: Multiply the distance flown times 60 and then divide the product by the elapsed time in minutes. For example, if you fly 12 NM in 2 minutes, then your groundspeed is 360 knots. ((12 NM x 60)/2 min = 360 knots) 7.8.2.1. NOTE: For precise computation, time for longer periods and solve the problems on a computer. To simplify computations, use a 2-minute time check and multiply the distance traveled by 30, a 3-minute time check, distance times 20; or a 6- minute time check, distance times 10. A rapid groundspeed check can be accomplished by timing the range indicator for 36 seconds and multiplying the distance traveled by 100.
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