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360 AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 17.2.2.3.3. Aided Night Vision. Night vision goggles (NVG) provide an intensified image of scenes illuminated by ambient energy in the night environment. Although they are a great aid to aviators conducting night operations, NVGs do not turn night into day. The image provided by NVGs places limitations on critical aspects of human visual performance, (i.e. visual acuity, field-of-view, contrast sensitivity, and motion/depth perception). These limitations combine to create a degraded visual environment, increase cognitive workload, and contribute to spatial disorientation. Proper training and extensive experience can help deal with these limitations and reduce the susceptibility to dangerous situations. Spatial orientation at night requires conscious, complex processing of data from cockpit instruments and displays. An aggressive NVG instrument crosscheck should be a part of all NVG operations regardless of illumination levels, flight altitudes or mission profiles. In addition, an effective NVG scan (using constant head movements) compensates for the reduced NVG field-of-view and increases the external field of regard of the aviator. By scanning the horizon during aggressive maneuvering, aircrew can minimize disorientation. Both the instrument crosscheck and an effective scanning technique require concentration and good habit patterns, which should be emphasized and developed during training. When employed under appropriate conditions, NVGs enhance orientation by providing an external visual scene where none is available without the goggles. However, NVG operations are inherently more demanding than comparable day missions and aircrew must fully understand the limitations on human physiology and aircraft systems. AFMAN 11-217, Volume 3 Supplemental Information, contains a detailed discussion of NVGs. 17.2.3. Somatosensory System (Figure 17.3). Buried in many body structures, including the skin, joints, and muscles, the somatosensory receptors provide important equilibrium information as they respond to pressure and stretch. The sensations they elicit are the deep pressure feelings that you experience when you sit or the sensations that enable you to know the relative positions of your arms, legs, and body. This system is commonly called the “seat-of-the-pants” sense because some early pilots believed they could determine which way was down by analyzing which portions of their bodies were subject to the greatest amount of pressure. As illustrated in Figure 17.3, the “seat-of-the-pants” sense is completely unreliable as an attitude indicator when moving in the aerial environment.
AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 361 Figure 17.3. Somatosensory System -- The Seat-Of-The-Pants Sense. 17.2.4. Auditory System. The auditory response in flight is unique in that it is an acquired skill. Pilots learn early in Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) that when the aircraft is going fast, there is more airframe/canopy wind noise, and when the aircraft is going slow, the noise level decreases. Thus, the pilot is able to grossly discern airspeed by the noise level in the cockpit. For some pilots, the first clue that they are disoriented is a mismatch between the sounds they expect to hear, based upon their perceived attitude, and the actual “wind” noise present. Although this is not a very precise method, it is often a first clue that something may be out of sync. A quick look at the flight instruments is needed to correctly confirm a possible misperception.
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