BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE AIR FORCE ...

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244 AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 if the aircraft is TACAN-only equipped, do not hold directly over a TACAN or VORTAC facility or plan to use these facilities as high altitude IAFs. TACAN station passage can be used to identify an IAF below FL180 regardless of whether the approach is published as a Low or High altitude approach. 10.2. Holding Instruction. 10.2.1. Charted Holding Patterns. ATC clearances requiring holding where holding patterns are charted, include the following instructions: 10.2.1.1. Direction. Direction of holding from the fix. 10.2.1.2. Holding fix. The name of the holding fix. 10.2.1.2.1. Example: “Cleared to NIGEL, hold east as published.” 10.2.1.2.1.1. NOTE: AIM describes “charted” holding patterns as “those holding patterns depicted on U.S. government or commercially produced (meeting FAA requirements) low/high altitude enroute, and area or STAR charts.” Although the AIM and GP do not specifically mention the use of published holding patterns depicted on instrument approach procedures, in day-to-day operations they are used frequently. If the controller clears you to “hold as published” using a holding pattern published on an approach plate, make sure you are holding in the correct pattern. In some situations, there may be more than one published holding pattern at the same fix. (See Figure 10.2) If there is any doubt about your clearance, query the controller. 10.2.1.3. Expect Further Clearance. ATC is responsible to issue an Expect Further Clearance Time (EFC) based on the best estimate of any additional enroute/terminal delays. Pilots should request an EFC any time they are directed to hold without one. 10.2.1.3.1. Example: “Cleared to NIGEL, hold east as published, expect further clearance at 1645Z, time now 1635Z.” 10.2.2. Non-charted Holding Patterns. If ATC clears you to hold in a non-charted holding pattern, they will provide you with the following information: 10.2.2.1. Direction. Direction of holding from the fix. 10.2.2.2. Holding fix. The holding fix. 10.2.2.3. Holding course. Radial, course, bearing, airway, or route on which the aircraft is to hold. 10.2.2.4. Leg length. Outbound leg length in miles, if DME or RNAV is to be used. 10.2.2.4.1. Direction of turn. Left turns, if nonstandard. 10.2.2.5. Expect Further Clearance. Time to expect further clearance and any pertinent additional delay information. 10.2.2.5.1. Example: Hold Northeast of the 106 radial, 40 DME fix, 10-mile legs, left turns. Expect further clearance at 1725Z, time now 1710Z.
AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 245 Figure 10.2. Charted Holding Pattern. 10.2.3. Clearance Limit. ATC should issue holding instructions at least 5 minutes before reaching a clearance limit fix. When an aircraft is 3 minutes or less from a clearance limit and a clearance beyond the fix has not been received, the pilot is expected to start a speed reduction so that the aircraft will cross the fix at or below the maximum holding airspeed. If holding instructions have not been received upon arrival at the fix, hold in accordance with procedures in FLIP. For two-way radio failure holding procedures, refer to the FIH. 10.2.4. Maximum Holding Speeds. Maximum holding airspeeds are defined by TERPS and have nothing to do with the holding speed specified in the aircraft flight manual. Holding speeds in the aircraft flight manual are typically minimum speeds that correspond to a maximum endurance speed. Do not exceed the maximum holding airspeeds listed below. ATC may be able to approve holding speeds in excess of these maximums, if aircraft performance considerations require. For ICAO holding airspeeds, refer to Chapter 18.
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