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362 AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 17.3. Physiological Mechanics of Illusions. 17.3.1. Vestibular Illusions. In the absence of adequate visual orientation cues, the inadequacies of the vestibular and somatosensory systems can, and generally do, result in orientation illusions. It is customary to discuss vestibular illusions in relation to the two components that generate the illusions--the semicircular canals and the otolith organs. 17.3.1.1. Somatogyral Illusion. This set of illusions result from the semicircular canals’ inability to register accurately a prolonged rotation, i.e., sustained angular velocity. 17.3.1.1.1. Graveyard Spin (Figure 17.4). This situation begins with the pilot intentionally or unintentionally entering a spin. The pilot’s first impression is accurate; that is, a spin is perceived. After about 10 to 20 seconds of constant rotation (no angular acceleration), the fluid in the canals comes to rest with respect to the canal walls and the sensory hairs return to the upright, resting position. The sensation is that of no rotational motion despite the fact that the spin continues. If the spin is then terminated, the angular deceleration produced causes a relative motion between the fluid and the canal walls, thus deviating the sensory hairs in the opposite direction. The pilot erroneously perceives spinning in the opposite direction. If the pilot does not recognize the illusion and acts to correct this false impression, he or she will put the aircraft back into the original spin. 17.3.1.1.2. Graveyard Spiral. In this maneuver the pilot has intentionally or unintentionally put the aircraft into a prolonged turn with a moderate or steep bank. The constant rate of turn causes the pilot to lose the sensation of turning after a period of time. Noting a loss of altitude, the pilot may pull back on the controls or perhaps add power in an attempt to regain the lost altitude without checking that an increase in bank has occurred. Unless the incorrectly perceived bank attitude is corrected, such actions only serve to tighten a downward spiral. Once the spiral has been established, the pilot sometimes experiences the illusion of turning in the opposite direction after the turning motion of the aircraft has stopped. Under these circumstances, if the pilot fails to suppress all sensory data except the visual, vestibular illusions may cause inappropriate inputs, resulting in re-establishment of the spiral.
AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 363 Figure 17.4. Graveyard Spin/Spiral. 17.3.1.2. Coriolis Illusion (Figure 17.5). During high turn rates, abrupt head movements may cause pilots to perceive motions they are not actually doing. When the body is in a prolonged turn in one plane, the fluid in those canals stimulated by the onset of the turn eventually comes up to speed with the canal walls. If the head is then tilted in another plane, the angular momentum of the fluid causes it to move again relative to the canal walls. The resulting sensation is one of rotation in a third
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