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354 AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 Figure 16.1. Missed Approach from the Circling Approach. 16.4.3. Climb Gradient. Ensure your aircraft can achieve the published climb gradient. When the gradient is not published, climb at least 200 feet per nautical mile in order to clear obstructions. See AFI 11-202 Volume 3 General Flight Rules, for engine out performance requirements. 16.4.4. Request clearance. As soon as practical after initiating the missed approach, advise ATC and request clearance for specific action; that is, to an alternate airport, another approach, or holding. Do not sacrifice aircraft control for the sake of a voice transmission. 16.4.5. Obstacle Clearance. Terrain clearance is provided within established boundaries of the approach course and the missed approach path. It is essential that you follow the procedure depicted on the IAP chart or the instructions issued by the controller. Be aware of the minimum safe altitudes found on the IAP charts. Remember that the missed approach climb gradient begins at the published MAP.
AFMAN 11-217V1 3 JANUARY 2005 355 17.1. General Information. Chapter 17 SPATIAL DISORIENTATION 17.1.1. Occurrence. The USAF Safety Center, during the period of 1990 to 1997, reported that spatial disorientation (SD) has been a significant factor in at least 20 percent of all major aircraft accidents and 19 percent of all associated fatalities. These losses amounted to about $140 million per year and a significant personnel toll as well. Although the potential for spatial disorientation increased dramatically with the introduction of high performance, single-seat fighters into the Air Force inventory, pilots of multi-place aircraft are not exempt from spatial disorientation. 17.1.1.1. The Spatial Disorientation Countermeasures web site is at http://www.spatiald.wpafb.af.mil. The intent of this site is to disseminate SD related information that can help reduce the loss of personnel and aircraft caused by spatial disorientation. The Human Effectiveness Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) sponsors this site and the Human Systems Information Analysis Center (HSIAC) located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Aircrews should reference this site often to review the latest developments in the field of spatial disorientation research. 17.1.2. Definition. SD is an incorrect perception of one’s linear and angular position and motion relative to the plane of the earth’s surface. Specifically in the flight environment, SD is an erroneous percept of any of the parameters displayed by aircraft control and performance flight instruments. Regardless of a pilot’s experience or proficiency, sensory illusions can lead to differences between instrument indications and what the pilot “feels” the aircraft is doing. It should be stressed that disoriented pilots frequently are not aware of their orientation error and upon recognizing a conflict exists, often believe an instrument to be in error. Many crashes occur when pilots fail to recognize that SD is happening or when there is not enough time to recover once a conflict has been properly diagnosed. In general, unrecognized spatial disorientation tends to occur during task intensive portions of the mission, while recognized spatial disorientation occurs during attitude changing maneuvers. 17.1.3. Susceptibility. It is important to remember that sensory illusions occur regardless of pilot experience or proficiency. All pilots are susceptible to illusions while flying at night, flying in various weather conditions, flying demanding maneuvers with extreme linear or angular accelerations, or even in VMC. In other words, just about any time. A basic understanding of the sensory systems, physiological mechanisms of various illusions, and conditions of flight where these illusions may be expected can help the pilot successfully cope with spatial disorientation. 17.2. Orientation and Equilibrium. A person’s perception of spatial orientation develops from the interpretation of sensory input by the conscious and subconscious aspects of the brain. The subconscious mind uses sensory information from the ambient (or peripheral) visual system, the vestibular system and the somatosensory system to maintain orientation
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