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Summary of Option Strategies Strategy Description Purpose(s) Income Tax Effects Transfer Tax Effects Issues/Comments 1. Early exercise Exercise of options before Conversion of ordinary income None expiration into capital gain 2. Gift to descendants Holder gives options to descendants; typically limited to vested options; gifts of unvested options possible with tax risks 3. Gift to trust for descendants 4. Gift to family limited partnership or LLC Same as 2, except that donee is trust for descendants, preferably administered by independent trustee Same as 2, except that donee is a partnership/LLC composed of family members and entities Transfer of wealth to next generation in a manner that reduces potential estate tax burden if option position (or resulting stock) were held until death Same as 2, except resulting wealth will be held and administered by independent trustee Same as 2, except resulting wealth will be held and administered by managing partner or member of partnership/LLC Triggers ordinary tax on option exercise; future gains taxed as capital gains None at gift; donor pays ordinary tax on option spread when options exercised by donees; donees pay capital gains tax on gains beyond fair market value (FMV) of stock at exercise Same as 2, except trust pays capital gains tax on gains accruing after exercise; if trust is “grantor” trust, taxation of gains (and other income) is shifted to donor Same as 2, except partners/members pay capital gains tax directly on gains accruing to partnership/LLC after exercise Gift taxes imposed, subject to applicable exclusions and credits, on FMV of options at gift; options removed from estate tax exposure at value lower than that projected at death; estate tax also reduced by ordinary tax paid by donor at exercise, plus foregone growth thereon; options’ FMV includes spread and time (e.g., Black-Scholes) value, but discounts from this value should be available if confirmed by appraisal Same as 2; but if trust is “grantor” trust, holder’s retention of income tax obligation produces additional estate tax savings (by reducing ultimate taxable estate) Same as 2 “Conversion” is really an illusion; initial tax burden reduces future increases by similar amount, but future increases also subject to capital gains tax; can work if taxes and costs are borrowed and rate of increase is high enough to overcome extra capital tax burden; otherwise, holding options should be superior on after-tax basis Option plan must allow gifts; control over exercise shifts to donees, but income tax burden remains with donor – good estate tax planning, but donor’s liquidity and lack of control must be addressed; gifts of unvested options risky since IRS ruled that gift tax is deferred until options vest (at FMV then existing); valuation of options and associated discounts subject to IRS challenge; if stock does not perform, credits applied to gift tax could be lost Same as 2, but control over option exercise and resulting stock held by independent trustee Same as 2, but control over option exercise and resulting stock held by managing partner/member of partnership/LLC; if donor retains an interest in partnership/LLC, possible ordinary tax measured by value of retained interest at contribution CONFIDENTIAL 1
Summary of Option Strategies 5. to descendants for cash 6. to descendants for note Holder sells options to descendants in exchange for cash; can be used for vested options and perhaps unvested options as well Same as 5, except buyers deliver note instead of cash Removes ordinary income taint from options at discounted value; also transfers growth in value of options (or resulting stock) value to next generation in a manner that reduces potential estate tax burden if options were to be retained until death Same as 5, but net wealth transfer is limited to growth beyond interest charged on note Sale triggers immediate ordinary tax to seller equal to sale price (which must equal FMV of options at transfer – i.e., option spread plus time value, less any applicable discounts); company receives deduction equal to seller’s ordinary income at sale; subsequent exercise of options by buyers is tax-free; at sale of stock, buyers subject to capital gains tax on excess of stock value over amount paid to seller Same as 5, except for argument that installment method of accounting may apply, thus deferring ordinary tax on sale until seller receives principal payments on note; if installment method applies, then ordinary tax will apply to untaxed gain embedded in note as note principal is collected or cancelled at or after death of seller (in addition to any estate tax exposure on value of note at death) No gift taxes imposed on sale, provided consideration equals FMV of options at sale; growth in value of options (or resulting stock) beyond amount paid to seller received by buyers free of future gift or estate tax; consideration received by seller will be taxed in seller’s estate Same as 5; but note must have FMV, not just face amount, that equals FMV of options – common belief is that note paying applicable federal rate, with reasonable security and term, has FMV equal to face amount Option plan must allow sales for consideration; control over option exercise and resulting stock shifts to donees; if purchase price is questioned, then transaction may be treated as partial gift and partial sale; buyers must have cash to pay purchase price at outset; valuation of options and associated discounts subject to IRS challenge; IRS ruling on unvested options technically not applicable to sales, so sales of unvested options are feasible (and rewarding because of additional discount to recognize possibility of non-vesting), but somewhat risky tax-wise; if stock does not perform, buyers forfeit security (which may exceed value of options purchased) Same as 5, except that buyers’ cash need at closing alleviated by note; principal can be deferred until maturity, but bona fide loan must be created – requires adequate security, adequate interest (equal to applicable federal rate (AFR)) must be paid at least annually, note FMV must equal FMV of options; value of note and options and associated discounts subject to IRS challenge; buyers must have cash flow to meet annual interest obligations and to repay principal at maturity; reliance on installment method is extremely risky, since there is adverse precedent but virtually no supporting authority CONFIDENTIAL 2
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Sponsored by 2013 Probate & Trust L
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Minnesota CLE’s Copyright Policy
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Faculty & Planners* Jill A. Adkins
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Table of Contents Plenary Day 1 Non
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17. Marital Deduction Planning and
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PLENARY DAY 1 Non-Tax Case Law Upda
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1. *In re Estate of Neuman and In r
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3. Edwards v. Gillis ..............
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I. UNIFORM PROBATE CODE A. Effect o
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conceived until after decedent’s
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granddaughter. Ultimately, the cour
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the benefit of the person for whose
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814 MCA, which provides that a divo
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524.3-203, persons who are nominate
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also been the sole personal represe
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within the prescribed time set out
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mother’s estate, had breached fid
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plan. The court found that Brown wa
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power of attorney was, in fact, a l
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questions before the court were the
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E. Adverse Possession 1. *Jokela v.
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presumption. Finally, the court fou
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death, her daughter, in her capacit
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3. Estate of Nuo Djeljaj, 954 N.Y.S
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C. Trust Construction but that the
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4. *In the Matter of the Frank J. R
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adding the “general charitable in
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may provide that at least a substan
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including those created for the ben
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D. Spendthrift Clauses Finally, the
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decedent’s execution of a financi
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not negligent. On appeal, the court
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purchasing the insurance but determ
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H. Trust Accounting Disputes 1. Chu
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settlor’s death in 2005, the trus
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entitled to a jury trial because th
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other manner whatsoever disposing o
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the trial judge rejected - as highl
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F. Inter Vivos Gifts community over
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V. POWER OF ATTORNEY A. Improper Us
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FEDERAL TAX UPDATE Important Develo
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• The preferential rates for net
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3. Planning for the Wannabes: Deali
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Suppose, for example, that a marrie
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ESTATE AND GIFT TAX PLANNING AFTER
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after the first spouse’s death),
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First, they will want one or more g
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In Estate of Christiansen v. Commis
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Grandchild A 11,000 Grandchild B 11
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In the end, Wandry is correctly dec
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RECENT VALUATION CASE OF INTEREST (
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uncertainties, ahypothetical buyer
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So portability is achieved by givin
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(5) Special rules. (A) Election req
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million, and H2’s executor makes
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standard, but saves the rest for th
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THE IMAPCT OF WINDSOR ON ESTATE PLA
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Decanting: Refining an Old Vintage
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DECANTING: REFINING AN OLD VINTAGE
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XI. Trustee Liability .............
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D. Change Governing Law E. Trustee
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absolute discretion for some modifi
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K. Court Approval. Court approval i
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eliminate beneficiaries or change t
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precisely, to make certain exceptio
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appointment created under the new t
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If contributions to the original tr
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Qualified personal residence trusts
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enefit the beneficiaries by convert
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B. Notice Required. Other states re
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of the particular state, apparently
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tax consequences. See Tax Effects a
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(ii) at the time the exempt trust b
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Articles 1. Farhad Agh
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APPENDIX I STATE DECANTING STATUTES
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ALTERNATIVE PLENARY Tax Issues (For
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I. MINNESOTA ESTATE TAX - LIFETIME
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NOTE: In the examples below, I will
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At his death, he leaves the followi
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total federal gross estate (line 1)
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Note: in several of the examples ab
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C. Source of Charitable Gift - Ordi
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Many tax preparers relied on that r
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RESULT: •Because the amount paid
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III. DEDUCTION OF MORTGAGE INTEREST
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•Estates with net taxable assets
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05/20/13 HOUSE RESEARCH ANALYST JM
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SECTION 1 Funding Education: The Gi
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E. Five-Year Proration Required ...
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I. Saving and Paying for Higher Edu
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1. TAM 199941013. In Technical Advi
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. Estate Tax. Assuming that the don
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exclusion. If contributions to the
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distribute principal for GC’s ben
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sample trust language was used wher
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university, or (iii) making reasona
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treatment granted by section 529 wi
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and the beneficiary’s family duri
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eginning with the year of the contr
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Rule 5. If, by the due date for fil
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2. Attach Explanation. An explanati
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It is impossible for an account own
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were not making other gifts to thei
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a. Proposed Regulations Tax the Ben
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Prop. Treas. Reg. § 1.529-1(c). D.
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SECTION 2 Avoiding the Uncommon Dif
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2. Discouraging Bad Behavior ......
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problems in a document but so can a
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B. Who suffers from a drafting prob
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succeed to the preceding trustee’
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“ (a) Property a testator, while
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home. When devising recreational re
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to allow the beneficiary to pay off
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The remaining principal and any acc
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outright and free of trust. If eith
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D. Incentive Trusts 1. Encouraging
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that exemptions or deductions allow
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F. Family Business Succession. The
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3. Problems with Allocation of Fami
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SECTION 3 Unlimited Duration Trusts
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3. CONCLUSION .....................
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*In 1995, Delaware enacted legislat
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2. Exercise the power of appointmen
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ii. States: 1. Alaska 43 - 1,000 ye
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4. CONCLUSION vii. New Jersey viii.
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the “prudent man rule” required
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Additionally, many advisors are dra
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investment committee and/or distrib
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1. Significant change in asset allo
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Please see example below of a typic
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IV. DECANTING 1. INTRODUCTION Decan
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. States May Limit Trustee’s Auth
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V. VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION 1. INTROD
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ecome entitled to an interest, if i
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VI. PRIVACY OF COURT RECORDS 1. INT
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iii. Statutes c. South Dakota Proce
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VII. DOMESTIC ASSET PROTECTION AND
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property interests. 206 This can be
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11. EXTINGUISHMENT OF CREDITORS’
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13. SPENDTHRIFT TRUSTS As previousl
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SECTION 4 Drafting and Administerin
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1. Supplemental&SpecialNeedsTrust B
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iii. Discretionary Trust Trusts cre
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v. Vehicle One vehicle used to tran
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ii. Legal Guardian It is generally
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ii. SSA Determination Anyone receiv
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eimburse the State following the be
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else uses the computer from time to
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h. Revocable vs. Irrevocable i. Spe
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Qualified Disability Trust (QDT) ex
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(1) An inventory of Trust assets an
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Assistance benefits paid on behalf
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SECTION 5 Notable North Dakota Nuan
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I. North Dakota Real Property A. No
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a Statement of Claim is recorded by
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1. Any grantee or grantee’s autho
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By North Dakota Information Technol
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insolvent estates. Has priority ove
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(2) Would be a permissible distribu
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o North Dakota has two (2) pooled t
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G. The value of currently owned min
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * lease r
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eceived, are not considered to be t
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disqualifying transfer provisions i
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ONLINE NORTH DAKOTA RESOURCES Title
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Table of Contents The Beauty and Bu
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--volatility in the financial marke
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For the trustee: If an individual t
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VII. Duty to keep records and provi
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specific information like their fin
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An alternative structure might be t
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--Intellectual property which may i
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SECTION 7 “Bleak House” Reviste
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PROBATE INSTITUTE 2013 HARD TIMES:
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TIP THREE: FOR REALLY BAD FIDUCIARI
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with disfavor on attempts to depriv
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E. Undue influence 1. Must prove te
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3. The Partition statute allows adm
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APPENDIX 524.3-720 EXPENSES IN ESTA
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owner of the real property or the o
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524.3-911PARTITION FOR PURPOSE OF D
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Page 399 and 400: 5. For such other and further relie
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Page 409 and 410: Page 12 costs charged by private de
Page 411 and 412: The Well-Prepared Executive: Person
Page 429 and 430: Stock Options: Sales, Gifts, & Tran
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Page 439 and 440: will also be treated as owning inte
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Page 445: CONFIDENTIAL Appendix
Page 449 and 450: Summary of Option Strategies 10. Co
Page 451 and 452: Transferring an asset via a GRAT re
Page 453 and 454: A CRT can result in greater total v
Page 455 and 456: IRA Rollback Strategy Pension Rescu
Page 457 and 458: Use Interest Rate Swaps to Lock in
Page 459 and 460: How does a 10b5-1 plan work? 1 2 3
Page 461 and 462: SECTION 9 Spousal Elections Under M
Page 463 and 464: 1. INTRODUCTION Minnesota, as in ma
Page 465 and 466: . 1969 Version In the 1969 statutor
Page 467 and 468: each other. 11 The statutory notes
Page 469 and 470: (b) Personal property not exceeding
Page 471 and 472: category includes properly gifted t
Page 473 and 474: .) Next, assets owned by the spouse
Page 475 and 476: 4. Unspoken fourth: The spouse and
Page 477 and 478: Table of Contents Crummey Power Pro
Page 479 and 480: however, that my Spouse’s power t
Page 481 and 482: Estate or the proceeds of such asse
Page 483 and 484: such Power Holder is entitled to wi
Page 485 and 486: 1.2 Discretionary Payments From Ini
Page 487 and 488: didn’t occur) a long time ago? 1
Page 489 and 490: Upon my spouse's incapacity or deat
Page 491 and 492: Trustees of the Separate Trusts *Op
Page 493 and 494: Unfilled Trustee Vacancy If the off
Page 495 and 496: the independent special trustee. An
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Removal and Replacement of Trust Ad
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Definitions 6 Compensation Any Trus
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Trust Asset Diversification and Con
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As a Grantor Retained Annuity Trust
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ultimate burning out of the sun and
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Granting and Exercising Powers of A
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POWER TO CHANGE LIMITED POWER INTO
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Single Fund QTIP Marital Trust Inco
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5.8 Reverse QTIP Election. The Trus
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SECTION 11 Federal and Minnesota In
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Federal and Minnesota Individual Ta
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qualifying charities. Distributions
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iii. In the Reesink case, taxpayer
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The 10% threshold applies to all ta
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A Baker’s Dozen of Dangerous Assu
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In short, domicile is the combinati
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choice of law process in the render
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Germany is one such example of a co
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The US State Department lists the v
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In every other case, a foreign trus
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SECTION 13 Drafting Documents With
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Drafting With the Corporate Trustee
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date, then include a copy with the
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step daughter two months before her
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2. Borrowing in an irrevocable trus
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estrictive access to principal. Con
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SECTION 14 The Current Status of Wi
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I. History of the Wisconsin Trust C
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d. A final accounting is required b
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a. ULC promulgated the uniform prin
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3. Irrevocable trusts may be modifi
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7. A trustee may delegate its dutie
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fiduciary or confidential relations
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6. The new code will eliminate the
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. The standard of care that applies
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23. The subchapter dealing with lia
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Electronic reproduction of 2011−1
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Fiduciaries and Fighting Families:
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3. Who should attend 4. Agenda or f
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .
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I. INTRODUCTION MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
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has decided to increase reimburseme
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the problems they cause for some co
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change only when Social Security pa
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PRACTICE TIP: When the Asset Assess
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2014. i. If the community spouse do
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g. making income or asset methodolo
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less than the asset’s value on th
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amount of the transfer was $25,000.
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Example: the transfer penalty and t
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allow a recipient's current income
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facility admission or readmission t
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The NF LOC Initiative has been hard
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was not [sic] made exclusively for
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1. Prior to February 8, 2006, the p
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follows: [Undue hardship] exists wh
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claim in both Estate of Barg and In
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federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396p
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called "MA for Adults Without Child
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The starting point for redesign of
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programs, available in the State. S
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If the enrollee is required to sati
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Art. 2, Sec. 4, amends Minn. Stat.
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Art. 2, Sec. 30, amends Minn. Stat.
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MARITAL DEDUCTION PLANNING: First C
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(1974); PLR 7902020 (ruling gift to
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(A) Then do your other language—d
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to any jurisdiction.” Michael Mul
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2) Fractional share: As the value o
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d) The amount subject to the electi
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Form 706 is due nine months from th
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C. Gift Tax 1. EGTRRA partially sev
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three years, when Fred would have t
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equired beginning date, and they wi
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SECTION 18 Estate Planning Issues f
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Table of Contents 1. Initial consid
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termination notices should be filed
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If the Fiduciary is released from p
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c. Relief is requested by using For
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when ordinarily due. Use, for examp
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SECTION 20 Portability Under the Ne
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I. HOW TO MAKE THE ELECTION PORTABI
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espect to such an estate, for beque
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decedent, which together is the amo
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of the surviving spouse’s death.
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GSTT election or a portability elec
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VI. THE TEMPORARY REGULATIONS PART
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(c) Credit limitation. The applicab
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(7) Requirements of return— (i) G
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property of the marital trust relat
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(ii) Application. H’s DSUE amount
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(i) If the executor of the decedent
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Table of contents This section list
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death. Thus, the decedent’s DSUE
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SECTION 21 New Lawyer Panel: “Wha
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I. Introduction Building & Managing
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Being the beneficiary of a trust Fu
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clients what you are doing for them
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Be aware, however, that sometimes y
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Estate and Trust Administration 101
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Obtain Asset Information You should
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2. Other “Non-Probate” Assets S
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(ii) the pages of the trust agreeme
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The total value of the probate asse
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Surviving Your First Probate Procee
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4. Closing the estate - Statement t
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Table of Contents Estate Planning t
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. In order to qualify for the $14,0
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1. Minnesota does not have a gift t
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a. Within 9 months of a completed l
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in excess of the applicable estate
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Preparing Your First Estate and Gif
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E. Other Notable Items There are a
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SECTION 22 Small Estates Panel - Pr
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I. Introduction Disclaimers have lo
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epresentative.The writing should in
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IV. The Disclaimer-Based Estate Pla
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Grandchild B $11,000 Grandchild C $
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formula similar to the one used inW
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Small Estates Panel Peter M. Hendri
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assets must have been subject to an
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A. The Doctrine of Advancements, Ho
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promissory notes and/or mortgages,
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advancements. The Court opined that
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a) Filing a gift tax return for gif
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1
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emains private both during the owne
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for many of the same reasons as a w
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I. REVOCATION BY SPOUSE NOT IN TITL
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TODD, the county Medical Assistance
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PRACTICE TIP: To avoid the complica
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Subd. 3.Rights of creditors and rig
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A transfer on death deed that other
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conveyance or transfer is condition
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COMMENT: See above Question and Ans
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SECTION 24 Sales of Real Estate: Fr
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B. Listing Agreement 1. Key terms a
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c. Deed/Title d. Deferred Taxes/Ass
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A. “Property” Documents 1. Deed
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SECTION 25 A Gift for All Donors: A
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I. INTRODUCTION. Often philanthropi
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4. The trustee of a CRT may be an i
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4. If a trust is measured by the li
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III. RETIREMENT ACCOUNT GIFTS. A.
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C. Income Tax On Withdrawals from R
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. P might consider making such a gi
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vii. viii. Income taxes. Amounts di
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v. Income tax. The IRA with S as be
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3. The trustee of the CLT makes def
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V. PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS. A. Definiti
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4. Net Investment Income. An excise
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c. Ordinary Income Property. Only t
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SECTION 26 Incentive/Disincentive P
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PLANNING AND DRAFTING FOR THE USE O
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descendants, the client clearly wil
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E. Special Family Needs. In some fa
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age and the child or grandchild cou
Page 921 and 922:
D. Division of Trust. Since incenti
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SCHEDULE 1 SAMPLE PROVISIONS 1. Def
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6. Distributions to Match the Benef
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cooperate with the trustees in esta
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16. Other Resources. In making disc
Page 931 and 932:
expenses; (B) to provide a Benefici
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Grantors further recognize, should
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dental insurance premiums, or other
Page 937 and 938:
the Trustee on a regular basis for
Page 939 and 940:
(B) (C) (D) Trustee’s Authority t
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(3) The costs of initial whole body
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SECTION 27 New Law Update - Changes
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A committee was formed within the V
Page 947 and 948:
than one attorney-in-fact is design
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I, (the above named Principal),here
Page 951 and 952:
Acknowledgment of notice to attorne
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IMPORTANT NOTICE TO THE ATTORNEY(S)
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Estate Planning and Administration
Page 957 and 958:
iii. Former attorney and Ebay selle
Page 959 and 960:
client to make such a list. In assi
Page 961 and 962:
1. A reminder to update the digital
Page 963 and 964:
the Will and not the Trustee in the
Page 965 and 966:
iii. Minn. Stat. § 609.891: Unauth
Page 967 and 968:
c. If device is password protected,
Page 969 and 970:
1. When planning ahead, review of s
Page 971 and 972:
n. For a blog, consider whether the
Page 973 and 974:
EXHIBIT A Digital Asset Inventory I
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8. Is there any sensitive informati
Page 977 and 978:
Table of Contents I. Client with Di
Page 979 and 980:
1.6(b)(3) to reveal information abo
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Probate & Trust Law Section Conference Manual ... - Minnesota CLE

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