MAP-01-011 HFI Technical Guide - Human Factors Integration ...

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Annex 3 – HF Techniques, Methods and Tools• SA dimensions are generic and so can be applied to other domains, suchas command and control systems.• High ecological validity.• SART is a widely used method and has a number of associated validationstudies.• Removes secondary task loading associated with other techniques.• Requires very little training.• Disadvantages• Similar to other self-rating techniques SART suffers from problems withparticipants associating performance with SA. Typically, if a participantperforms well in the trial, the SA rating will be high and vice versa. Thisclearly is not always the case.• How can subjects report bad SA if they are not aware of it.• Data is usually obtained ‘after the fact’ which causes problems such asparticipants ‘forgetting’ periods when they had low SA.• Data is subjective.• Administrating SART during performance/trials is very intrusive uponprimary task performance.• The SART dimensions only reflect a limited portion of SA.• SART consistently performs worse than SAGAT in various validationstudies.• Testing of the technique often reveals a correlation between SA andperformance, and also between SA and workload.A3.7.6Cranfield Situation Awareness Scale (C-SAS)The Cranfield situation awareness scale (C-SAS) is a very quick and easy SArating scale that can be applied during or post-trial performance. Originallydeveloped for use in assessing student pilot SA during training procedures, C-SAS can be applied subjectively (completed by the participant) or objectively(completed by an observer). Ratings are given for five SA related sub-scalesusing an appropriate rating scale e.g. 1 (very poor) – 5 (very good). The five subscalesused by the C-SAS technique are:• Pilot knowledge• Understanding and anticipation of future events• Management of stress, effort and commitmentMay 2006 Page A3-61 Issue 4
MAP-01-011 – HFI Technical Guide (STGP 11)• Capacity to perceive, assimilate and assess information• Overall SAParticipant SA is then calculated by summing the sub-scale scores. The higherthe total score, the higher the SA of the participant.• Advantages• The technique is very quick and easy to use, requiring almost no training.• Although developed for use in aviation, the C-SAS sub-scales are genericand could potentially be used in any domain.• C-SAS shows promise as a back-up measure of SA. It seems that thetechnique would be suited for use alongside a direct measure of SA, suchas SAGAT. This would allow a comparison of the SA measured and theSA related behaviours exhibited.• Disadvantages• When used as an observer-rating tool, the extent to which it measures SAis questionable. As C-SAS can only offer an experts view on observable,SA related behaviours, it should be remembered that the technique doesnot offer a direct assessment of SA.• The extent to which an observer can rate the internal construct of SA isquestionable.• To use the technique appropriately, domain experts are required.• There are no data regarding the reliability and validity of the techniqueavailable in the literature.• The technique has been subjected to only limited use.• According to Endsley (DTC054 & DTC056 - 1995) the rating of SA byobservers is limited.• When used as a self-rating tool, the extent to which the sub-scales providean assessment of SA is questionable.• Participants are rating SA ‘after the fact’.• A host of problems are associated with collecting SA data post-trial, suchas forgetting, and a correlation between SA ratings and performance.A3.7.7Situation Awareness SWORD (SA-SWORD)The SA-SWORD is an adaptation of the SWORD workload assessmenttechnique that has been used to assess pilot situation awareness. TheSubjective Workload Dominance Technique (SWORD) is a subjective workloadassessment technique that has been used both retrospectively and predicatively.May 2006 Page A3-62 Issue 4
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