MAP-01-011 HFI Technical Guide - Human Factors Integration ...

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Annex 3 – HF Techniques, Methods and ToolsA3.12 Human-Machine Interface Evaluation TechniquesHuman-Machine Interface (HMI) Evaluation Techniques are used to assess theadequacy of the design and realisation of a human-machine interface, device orproduct. In addition to checking consistency within the design and conformitywith specified requirements and standards, the techniques are used to assessmore subjective aspects of the interface, such as usability and user satisfaction.Typical HMI techniques include:• Heuristics.• Checklists.• Interface Surveys.• Satisfaction Questionnaires.• User trials.Some techniques, such as those that check conformity with requirements andconsistency in the way in which design rules have been applied can be utilisedthroughout the various stages of the system life cycle, including those before theHMI is fully implemented. The use of computer-generated 2-D and pseudo 3-Dmodels permit the emerging HMI design to be visualised, allowing logical andspatial checking to be carried out. The use of using full-size models (mock-ups)of parts of the HMI evaluation remains an option to be considered. However, indepthassessment cannot dispense with evaluation of the real, as-built HMI,which needs to be examined in realistic operational conditions to identify theinfluences of the operating environment, platform motion, time pressures andother factors that cannot be satisfactorily measured within a laboratory / designenvironment.The following sub-sections provide an overview of each of the aforementionedHMI techniques and the associated strengths and weaknesses.A3.12.1HeuristicsPrior to conducting any formal assessment of an HMI, a simple and valuableapproach is to conduct a heuristic assessment. A heuristic assessment isprobably the simplest technique available to the Human Factors practitioner andis a quick and easy technique based upon obtaining analyst(s) subjectiveopinions on a design concept or product.Heuristic assessment is based upon a group of informed designers, users, ormaintainers interacting with the HMI, device or product giving their impromptuopinions and reactions. These may be initiated by interaction with the HMI,device or product, or stimulated by the group dynamics of the occasion.Heuristic analysis should be conducted continually throughout the design processin order to evaluate and modify the design concept. The lead analyst may alsointroduce prompts, to direct the group in particular directions and a simple set ofMay 2006 Page A3-115 Issue 4
MAP-01-011 – HFI Technical Guide (STGP 11)heuristic criteria and guidelines have been developed by Nielsen & Molich(DTC137 - 1990):• Simple and natural dialogue.• Speak the users language.• Minimise user memory load.• Be consistent.• Provide feedback.• Provide clearly marked exits.• Provide shortcuts.• Good error messages.• Prevent errors.However, it should be emphasised that a core aspects of the technique lies in thepotential freedom of approach and richness of responses available to the analyst.• Advantages• A very simple technique to apply requiring very little training.• Heuristic analysis can be very quick.• Useful output that is immediately useful.• Very low resource usage.• Can be used repeatedly throughout the design life cycle.• Disadvantages• Poor reliability, validity and comprehensiveness.• Requires a team of SME’s in order to be worthwhile.• Totally subjective.• Totally unstructured.• Consistency of such a technique is questionable.A3.12.2ChecklistsChecklists contain a pre-determined set of criteria and are one of the simplestforms of HMI assessment techniques. The assessment criteria may be derivedfrom the original system specification as part of a Vee-cycle approach, or may beMay 2006 Page A3-116 Issue 4
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