MAP-01-011 HFI Technical Guide - Human Factors Integration ...

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Annex 3 – HF Techniques, Methods and Tools• Disadvantages• The TRACEr technique appears unnecessarily over-complicated for what itactually is, a taxonomy based error analysis tool. A prototype studyhighlighted a number of areas of confusion in participant use of thedifferent categories.• No validation evidence or studies using TRACEr.• For complex tasks, analysis will become laborious and large.• Very high resource usage (time). In a participant questionnaire used inthe prototype study (No citation reference - Shorrock 1997) resource usage(time and expertise) was the most commonly reported area of concern(DTC089 - Isaac, Shorrock and Kirwan 2002).• Training time would be extremely high for such a technique.• Extra work involved if HTA not already available• Existing techniques using similar EEM taxonomies appear to be far simplerand much quicker (SHERPA, HET etc).A3.10.7SPEARThe System for Predictive Error Analysis (SPEAR) is a systematic approach toHEI that is very similar to other systematic HEI techniques, such as SHERPA.The main difference between SPEAR and SHERPA is that the SPEAR techniqueutilises performance-shaping factors (PSF) in order to identify any environmentalor situational factors that may enhance the possibility of error. The SPEARtechnique itself operates on the bottom level tasks (operations) of a HTA of thetask under analysis. Using subjective judgement, the analyst uses the SPEARhuman error taxonomy to classify each task step into a particular behaviour types(Action, Retrieval, Check, Selection or Transmission).Each behaviour has an associated set of EEMs, such as action incomplete,action omitted and right action on wrong object. The analyst then uses thetaxonomy and domain expertise to determine any credible error modes for thetask in question. For each credible error (i.e. those judged by the analyst to bepossible) the analyst should give a description of the form that the error wouldtake, such as, ‘pilot dials in wrong airspeed’. Following this the analyst has todetermine how the operator can recover the error and also any consequencesassociated with the error. Finally, error reduction measures are proposed, underthe categories of procedures, training and equipment.• Advantages• SPEAR provides a structured approach to HEI.• Simple to learn and use.• Unlike SHERPA, SPEAR also considers PSF’s.May 2006 Page A3-95 Issue 4
MAP-01-011 – HFI Technical Guide (STGP 11)• Quicker than most HEI techniques.• Disadvantages• HTA provides additional work for the analyst.• Consistency of such techniques is questionable.• Appears to be an almost exact replica of SHERPA.• For large, complex tasks the analysis may become time consuming andunwieldy.A3.10.8CREAMThe Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) (DTC082 -Hollnagel 1998) is a recently developed HEI/HRA method that can be used bothpredicatively, to predict potential human error, and retrospectively, to analyse andquantify error. The objectives of CREAM are to:• Identify those parts of the work, tasks or actions that require or dependupon human cognition, and which therefore may be affected by variationsin cognitive reliability.• Determine the conditions under which the reliability of cognition may bereduced, and where therefore the actions may constitute a source of risk.• Provide an appraisal of the consequences of human performance onsystem safety, which can be used in PRA/PSA.• Develop and specify modifications that improve these conditions, henceserve to increase the reliability of cognition and reduce the risk.CREAM uses the Contextual Control Model (COCOM) model of cognition whichfocuses on how actions are chosen and assumes that the degree of control thatan operator has over his actions is variable and also that the degree of control anoperator holds determines the reliability of his performance.The CREAM technique uses a classification scheme consisting of a number ofgroups that describe the phenotypes (error modes) and genotypes (causes) ofthe erroneous actions and this used by the analyst to predict and describe howerrors could potentially occur and to define the links between the causes andconsequences of the error under analysis. Within the CREAM classificationscheme there are three categories of causes (genotypes): Individual,technological and organisational causes.• Advantages• CREAM has the potential to be extremely exhaustive.• Context is considered when using CREAM.May 2006 Page A3-96 Issue 4
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