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COMPENDIUM OF CONFLICTS IN <strong>UGANDA</strong> and shedding blood.” 567 Amnesty On 21 st January 2000, the Parliament of Uganda passed the Amnesty Act, which defined amnesty as; “a pardon, forgiveness, exemption or discharge from criminal prosecution or any other form of punishment by the State.” 568 This ground-breaking transitional justice measure extended amnesty to “any Ugandan who has at any time since the 26th day of January, 1986, engaged in or is engaging in war or armed rebellion against the government of the Republic of Uganda,” 569 provided they report to appropriate authorities and renounce rebellion. According to the Amnesty 567 Research conducted in Adjumani District 568 Amnesty Act (2000), Clause 1.a 569 Amnesty Act (2000), Clause 2.1 240
TJ MECHANISMS Commission, from 2000 to 2012 over 26,000 reporters from 30 different insurgent groups were granted amnesty and reinserted in their communities, with the Amnesty Act also providing avenues to peace negotiations with insurgent groups. 570 On 23 rd May 2012, the Minister of Internal Affairs, Hon. Hillary Onek, signed two statutory instruments extending the Amnesty Act but declaring the lapse of Part II of the Act, which gives the Commission powers to grant amnesty certificates. This effectively ended amnesty for those affiliated with rebel groups. Exactly a year later, however, the declaration of the lapse of Part II was revoked and Part II was thereby be deemed to have continued in force. The whole Amnesty Act is set to remain in force until May 25 th , 2015. The research for the NRTJ Audit was conducted prior to the initial lapse of the Amnesty Act. The NRTJ Audit validation workshop with civil society representatives took place after the lapse. In this workshop, participants confirmed the importance of the Amnesty Act; several called for it to be reinstituted in some form, while some dissenting voices claimed it fostered impunity. 571 Participants from all districts acknowledged benefits of amnesty, yet many cautioned against implementing amnesty without community involvement and complementary transitional justice mechanisms such as reparations, truth-telling, and reconciliation through apology and forgiveness. Some also favoured prosecutions in certain cases. For example, those in Lira claimed that they had more faith in formal justice institutions than people in Acholi land, but their unwillingness to prosecute perpetrators from the UPDF weakened this system. The complexity of the amnesty process and the reactions it inspires from various communities are outlined below. Epelu-Opio’s book Teso War: Causes and Consequences documents how, in Teso, in 1989, amnesty was granted by the National Resistance Movement Government by decree, encouraging rebels to surrender. A Presidential Pardon was also announced. Nonetheless, rebellion persisted. The war did finally come to an end two years after the creation of the Presidential Commission for Teso, through organised events, meetings and dialogue. Perceived Benefits It was widely agreed that amnesty played a key role in ending rebellions in Uganda, particularly in the northern and eastern regions of the country, and remains an important tool for ending conflict in general. 572 In some cases, this occurred on a local Government level even before the Amnesty Act was created. 573 Participants noted that amnesty fosters a reconciliatory mood for former fighters and communities, and has successfully drawn fighters out of the bush and brought them to the negotiating table. 574 Others mentioned that 570 See Kato, D. (2012) DDR in Uganda. The Amnesty Commission [Internet], 12 December. Available from: [Accessed 12 September, 2012] 571 Notes from the NRTJ Audit Validation Workshop in Mukono, 28 August 2012 572 Research conducted in Bundibugyo, Bulambuli, Pader, Kitgum, Nakasongola, Arua, Hoima, Nakapiripirit, Tororo and Mbarara Districts 573 Research conducted in Tororo District 574 Research conducted in Gulu, Hoima and Mukono Districts 241
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COMPENDIUM OF CONFLICTS IN UGANDA F
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are most gratef
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LIST OF ACRONYMS ADF - Allied Democ
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORD LIST OF A
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30. Buganda Riots (2009) 98 31. Mab
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84. Holy Spirit Mobile Forces/Holy
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Amnesty 240 Perceived Benefits 241
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTI
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INTRODUCTION needs which linger in
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INTRODUCTION 2. To identify and ass
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7 INTRODUCTION
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PART 2: LOOKING FORWARD INTRODUCTIO
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INTRODUCTION on perspectives and op
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THEMATIC ISSUES CHAPTER CROSS-CUTTI
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15 THEMATIC ISSUES conflict between
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that the British, during different
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THEMATIC ISSUES Participants consid
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THEMATIC ISSUES are favoured by the
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23 THEMATIC ISSUES People had no re
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THEMATIC ISSUES particular from DRC
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THEMATIC ISSUES Case study: mass di
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THEMATIC ISSUES UPDF soldiers were
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THEMATIC ISSUES single focus groups
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THEMATIC ISSUES then the buyer is e
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THEMATIC ISSUES between Adjumani an
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THEMATIC ISSUES More recent conflic
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THEMATIC ISSUES It was further argu
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THEMATIC ISSUES during the war were
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THEMATIC ISSUES many others respect
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THEMATIC ISSUES Impacts of the conf
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jobless. These were the first victi
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THEMATIC ISSUES as being a ‘divid
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THEMATIC ISSUES complained that thi
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“That is when [Obote] started usi
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THEMATIC ISSUES soldiers and insurg
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THEMATIC ISSUES lack of peace canno
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Participants looked at the problem
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS CHAPTER NATIONAL
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS LICT TIMELINE rt
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS Uganda as Britis
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS families members
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS PHASE II: Clash
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This sentiment resembles a motion p
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS also strained re
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS pre-Independence
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was never carried out. NATIONAL CON
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS 1971, Amin took
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS participants fro
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19. Liberation War to Overthrow Ami
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS Conference in 19
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government. NATIONAL CONFLICTS The
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS that people from
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS 23. National Res
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS to the insecurit
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are just there to take instruction?
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS by mid-1998 the
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS Mutebi II’s pl
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS who claimed that
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS people and injur
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NATIONAL CONFLICTS lives. In 2011,
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36. Theft and robbery (Ongoing) NAT
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS CHAPTER NORTHERN
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ONFLICT TIMELINE NORTHERN CONFLICTS
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WEST NILE NORTHERN CONFLICTS The Co
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS in Zaire and sou
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS reportedly encou
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS After Tito Okell
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS opportunities in
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS by the United Na
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS Major Noah Talib
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS It is further al
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KARAMOJA NORTHERN CONFLICTS The Com
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS continue to have
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS 52. NRA/UPDF vs
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ACHOLILAND NORTHERN CONFLICTS The c
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS This discord is
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS During this atte
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS 57. The Uganda P
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new constitution. 313 NORTHERN CONF
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61. Karimojong/NRA raids (1989 - pr
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS of former Uganda
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS committed by the
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS more conventiona
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS by and did nothi
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS “With the alar
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS others forgot th
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Lango Sub - Region 159
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS During Obote’s
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NORTHERN CONFLICTS was hard to come
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EASTERN CONFLICTS CHAPTER EASTERN R
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EASTERN CONFLICTS CONFLICT TIMELINE
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EASTERN CONFLICTS conflict with nei
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EASTERN CONFLICTS no concrete steps
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EASTERN CONFLICTS In the Shana’s
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One comprehensive account of the Te
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EASTERN CONFLICTS believed that FOB
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EASTERN CONFLICTS led by Peter Otai
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EASTERN CONFLICTS population they o
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EASTERN CONFLICTS militia received
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WESTERN CONFLICTS CHAPTER WESTERN R
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WESTERN CONFLICTS ONFLICT TIMELINE
Page 203 and 204: WESTERN CONFLICTS military support
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Page 207 and 208: WESTERN CONFLICTS infections are pr
Page 209 and 210: fought by the Bakonzo and Baamba et
Page 211 and 212: eventual intervention saw a relocat
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Page 215 and 216: CONFLICT IN THE ANKOLE REGION WESTE
Page 217 and 218: WESTERN CONFLICTS posited that the
Page 219 and 220: WESTERN CONFLICTS 103. Land Conflic
Page 221 and 222: WESTERN CONFLICTS million barrels o
Page 223 and 224: WESTERN CONFLICTS The conflict betw
Page 225 and 226: CENTRAL CONFLICTS CHAPTER SEVEN CEN
Page 227 and 228: CENTRAL CONFLICTS CONFLICT TIMELINE
Page 229 and 230: The Counties of Buganda CENTRAL CON
Page 231 and 232: CENTRAL CONFLICTS issue remains a t
Page 233 and 234: CENTRAL CONFLICTS 1966 crisis. The
Page 235 and 236: 115. The Call for Federo in Buganda
Page 237 and 238: CENTRAL CONFLICTS include these cla
Page 239 and 240: 119. Uganda Freedom Movement (1980
Page 241 and 242: CENTRAL CONFLICTS Kakoza’s group
Page 243 and 244: CENTRAL CONFLICTS that while the NR
Page 245 and 246: TJ MECHANISMS CHAPTER TRANSITIONAL
Page 247 and 248: TJ MECHANISMS impunity through mech
Page 249 and 250: TJ MECHANISMS is an increase in inc
Page 251 and 252: The Challenges for Reconciliation T
Page 253: TJ MECHANISMS past harms could be a
Page 257 and 258: TJ MECHANISMS Way Forward Overall,
Page 259 and 260: TJ MECHANISMS and economic abuses t
Page 261 and 262: TJ MECHANISMS “Justice has not be
Page 263 and 264: TJ MECHANISMS law, especially relat
Page 265 and 266: elated to human rights violations a
Page 267 and 268: TJ MECHANISMS The Agreement provide
Page 269 and 270: econstituted. 670 TJ MECHANISMS Per
Page 271 and 272: TJ MECHANISMS Complementarity with
Page 273 and 274: who have received compensation. 711
Page 275 and 276: TJ MECHANISMS therapeutic services
Page 277 and 278: TJ MECHANISMS youth, which leads to
Page 279 and 280: TJ MECHANISMS peaceful future. 770
Page 281 and 282: TJ MECHANISMS The second category o
Page 283 and 284: TJ MECHANISMS equitably to all regi
Page 285 and 286: TJ MECHANISMS Parliament Recommenda
Page 287 and 288: TJ MECHANISMS Education In the educ
Page 289 and 290: TJ MECHANISMS drought or flooding c
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Page 293 and 294: 8. The Bill is based on the princip
Page 295 and 296: has powers to co-opt experts in hum
Page 297 and 298: Schedule three deals with oaths of
Page 299 and 300: A Bill for an Act ENTITLED THE NATI
Page 301 and 302: 6. Selection Committee (1) Parliame
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15. Executive Secretary (1) The Exe
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take into account - (a) the nature
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34. Commission to be self-accountin
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(4) The Commission shall publish a
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Commission, the Inter Religious Cou
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301
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Commission of Inquiry into the Disa
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ANNEX 3: LIST OF PICTURES Chapter 1
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20. NRA rebel leader Yoweri Museven
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Bulambuli District [Vision Group] 3
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ANNEX 4: INDEX Abolition of Kingdom
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238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245,
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57, 58, 60, 76, 80, 89, 90, 91, 92,
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317
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