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II. Arthrocentesis & synovial fluid examination :<br />
Normal<br />
Noninflammatory<br />
Inflammatory Purulent(septic) Hemorrhagic<br />
Vol.(ml) 3.5 >3.5 >3.5 >3.5<br />
Viscosity High High Low Mixed Low<br />
Clarity Clear Clear Cloudy Opaque Mixed<br />
Colour Colourless/straw Straw /yellow yellow Mixed Red<br />
WBCs
Evaluation & diagnosis of a case of arthropathy (joint disease) I. Clinical evaluation : A. Articular manifistations : 1) Inflammed joint(s) (arthritis) or not. 2) Number of joints affected (mono , pauci or poly articular). 3) Which join(s) is (are) affected. B. Extra-articular manifistations (e.g fever ,skin rash,nodules, neuropathy,….). Articular manifistation Status Examples Present Inflammation(arthritis) - Effusion. - Redness. - Hotness. - Tenderness. Number of joints Involved joints Absent Monoarthritis (1 joint) 1) Rheumatoid arthritis. 2) Sero-negative sponyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis. Psoriatic arthritis. Reactive arthritis. Enteropathic arthritis 3) Crystal deposition arthritis Gout, Pseudogout. 4) SLE. 5) Scleroderma. 6) Rheumatic fever. 7) Septic arthritis. 1) OSTEOARTHRITIS. 2) Traumatic arthritis. 3) Osteochondritis. 4) Neuropathic arthritis. 1) Traumatic arthritis. 2) Septic arthritis. 3) Acute crystal induced arthritis. Pauci-arthritis (2-4 ) Seronegative arthritis. Lyme disease. Polyarthritis 1) Rheumatoid arthritis ≥ 5 joints. 2) SLE. 3) Osteoarthritis Distal interphalangeal 1) Osteoarthritis 2) Psoriatic arthritis. Metacarbophalangeal 1) Rheumatoid arthritis. &wrist joints 2) SLE. 1 st metatarsophalangeal 1) Acute gouty arthritis 2) osteoarthritis Axial arthropathy Ankylosing spondilitis. 2
II. Arthrocentesis & synovial fluid examination : Normal Noninflammatory Inflammatory Purulent(septic) Hemorrhagic Vol.(ml) 3.5 >3.5 >3.5 >3.5 Viscosity High High Low Mixed Low Clarity Clear Clear Cloudy Opaque Mixed Colour Colourless/straw Straw /yellow yellow Mixed Red WBCs
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A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from w
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It contains : - 46 (23 pairs) of ch
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6. Glycolipids - signal molecules.
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Eukaryotic cell cycle : - Human bod
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• Regulation of the cell cycle :
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11
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• Morphology of apoptosis (EM) :
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Ion transport - Trans-membrane ion
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18
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20
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22
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Disease Signal transduction Ligands
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Example of GP-CR → Adrenergic rec
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29
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- There are around 30,000 gene , on
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- The language used by DNA is calle
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Autosomal dominant Autosomal recess
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Modes of disease inheritance Autos
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Autosomal dominant conditions Very
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X-linked dominant inheritance - The
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Fragile X syndrome : - Trinucleotid
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Some common genetic syndromes Triso
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Edwards Syndrome - Also known as Tr
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• Prognosis of Marfan syndrome -
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Noonan Syndrome - Often thought of
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Immune system - Immunity is the lin
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Classification of immunity Innate i
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Immune response to pathogen : A) In
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Expression Structure MHC I - In all
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C) Adaptive immune response : - The
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Cytokines produced by different kin
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ANCA o There are two main types of
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Tolerance & autoimmunity : o The im
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Complement system o It`s a group of
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Inflammation o Inflammation is a no
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o Immunosuppressive therapy is used
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C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
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o The mode of action of sirolimus i
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Primary immunodeficiency o Primary
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o Recently, a further category has
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- Reabsorption of HCO3 - (85% in PC
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Pathogenesis: Causes : Features : T
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A) Respiratory centers depression A
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o Treatment of chronic respiratory
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Saline - Responsive metabolic alkal
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Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Plasm
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Hypernatremia (Na + > 145 mmol/L) :
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Hyperkalemia (K + > 5.2 mmo/L) : -
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Hypokalemia - Potassium and hydroge
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Medical statistics • Def : • St
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MEDIAN (=mid-point) Def : It is the
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Q : A study is performed to find th
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- Whilst correlation coefficients g
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Statistics which test differences P
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B. Statistics which test confidence
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P- VALUES • Def : - The P (propab
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Q 1: Q2 : If a drug reduces the inc
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Q4 : - CER (Aspirin) = 3% - EER (ne
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SPECIFICITY = →This is the rate a
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Q : 123
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Randomised controlled trial Experim
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Case-control study • Def : - It`s
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Study Design: Evidence and Recommen
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Intention to treat analysis Q - It
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES Definitio
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Risk factors of CAD: High risk fac
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Stable (chronic) angina (= angina o
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A) Medical ttt of stable angina(CKS
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DVLA rules: cardiovascular disorder
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STMI NSTMI/UA ACS < 12 hrs of symto
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• Treatment : A. Medical TTT : I
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Cardiac arrhythmias I. Tachyarrhyth
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) Def : - o
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2. Echocardiography: - Significant
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Acute newly detected AF Hemodynamic
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Rate vs rhythm control : Factors fa
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Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
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Long QT syndrome Def: - Long QT syn
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Conducting system of the heart : He
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Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular
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• Treatment of shockable rhythms
- Page 167 and 168:
Peri-arrest rhythms A. Peri-arrest
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B. Peri-arrest tachycardia Hemodyna
- Page 171 and 172:
QRS Deflection Inferior leads (II,I
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B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) :
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Hypertension Clinic BP measurement
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Stepwise approach of treatment of H
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH
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Normal pulse in young (25y) person
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Jugular venous pulse(JVP) 52
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Valvular heart disease Aortic steno
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• Features Aortic regurgitation
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• Echocardiography : A 'tight' m
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Murmur Causes Character Point of ma
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Pericarditis Pericarditis is one of
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Myocarditis • Causes Viral: Coxs
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- Most of cardiologists proceeds to
- Page 199 and 200:
Causes of sudden cardiac death : In
- Page 201 and 202:
2) Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs) - T
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Eisenmenger's syndrome - In acyanot
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- When properly positioned, the dis
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Down syndrome - Down syndrome is th
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Marfan's syndrome - Marfan's syndro
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Causes: - Streptococcus viridans (m
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Treatment of IE : A) Medical ttt :
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CVS medications Antiarrhythmic drug
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Amiodarone Class : III antiarrhyth
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‣ Β- blockers cardiotoxicity : -
- Page 221 and 222:
Aspirin : Mechanism of action : -
- Page 223 and 224:
Diuretics : Thiazides Diuretics Act
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lesions Macule Patch Papule Nodule
- Page 227 and 228:
Acne vulgaris - Acne vulgaris is a
- Page 229 and 230:
Isotretinoin - Is an oral retinoid
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Pityriasis Versicolor (= tinea vers
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Plaque psoriasis Flexural psoriasis
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- Finger tip rule 1 finger tip uni
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D. Contact dermatitis - Contact der
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Pemphigus vulgaris - Is an autoimmu
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Erythematous skin rash Erythema mul
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Erythema nodosum - Idiopathic condi
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Lichen-like diseases - Lichens are
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Scabies • Overview : - It is a pr
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Diseases of hairs Hirsuitism & Hype
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Diseases of the nails Onycholysis -
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Skin infections Impetigo - Is a hig
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Pyoderma Gangrenosum - Is a conditi
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Granuloma annulare - Papular lesion
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Molluscum contagiosum - Flesh-white
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Skin disorders associated with mali
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*Langer lines were historically use
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Pituitary gland Anatomy : - Small
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Diseases of pituitary gland Anterio
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Anterior pituitary hpofunction in a
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Anterior pituitary hyperfunction I.
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o Hands & feet : - Spade-like hands
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Prolactin is unique amongst the pit
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Very rare drug causes of gynaecomas
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Investigations : 1) High plasma osm
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Treatment of DI : Cranial DI (ie wi
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Non-functioning adenoma (chromophob
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Thyroid gland Anatomy : - Butterfl
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Control of thyroid hormones (hypoth
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o Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
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- Graves' disease is the most commo
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Subclinical Hyperthyroidism - It is
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Myxoedema Causes : Primary hypothy
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Subclinical Hypothyroidism Basics
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Thyroiditis - i.e Inflammation of t
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- It`s the commonest endocrine mali
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Amiodarone-induced thyroid disease
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Actions of parathyroid hormone ( pl
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Latent tetany +ve Provocative tests
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■ Clinical picture : Bones, Stone
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Hyperparathyroidism - i.e over prod
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Hypoparathyroidism - i.e decrease p
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- Histologically : bone is formed o
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• Management : (NICE 2011 ,2ndry
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8) Hip protectors : - Evidence to s
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Osteomalacia Def : - Defective min
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (= brittle
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• Functions of adrenal hormones :
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Primary hyperaldosteronism Causes
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Investigations : A. Diagnosis of Cu
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Adrenal insufficiency Causes : o P
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Differences between 1ry & 2ndry adr
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Def : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Met
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سؤال اليخلو منه امت
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3)Other risk factor modification C
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I. Insulin sensitizers 1) Biguanide
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■ Management of type I DM [Insuli
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5) Insulin resistance (i.e requirem
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Complications of DM : Complication
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Diabetic foot ulcers : • Classifi
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Investigations : سؤال amylase.
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Treatment of HONK : as in DKA with
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D. Post delivery : DC TTT(in GDM) ,
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Insulinoma is a neuroendocrine tumo
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Def : body mass index ( BMI) > 30 O
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■ Sibutramine - Withdrawn January
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- Dietary fat (TG) is digested by b
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Classification of hyperlipidemia :
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• Management Referral to a speci
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• Physiology of reproductive syst
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• Def : Delayed growth & puberty
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Hypogonadism ■ Def: - A diminishe
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MRI →Absence of olfactory bulb.
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• Initial investigations Exclude
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■ Diagnostic approach of 2ndry am
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تبدو وتتصرف ك بنت و
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■ Diagnosis : ■ Treatment : Kar
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3) Infertility : (under specialist
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Carcinoid tumours - Group of slowly
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1
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• Hormones of GIT : Hormone Gastr
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• Treatment : A. Acute treatment
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• DD (causes of heart burn sensat
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Dysphagia - The table below gives c
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Disease Achalasia Scleroderma Manom
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Oesophageal cancer - The most commo
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سؤال مهم : dyspepsia Drug-in
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Management of endoscopy proven gast
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Management of endoscopy proven non-
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• Investigations of H.Pylori : س
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• Clinical features of ZES : Zoll
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• Diagnosis: • Staging : Endosc
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Coeliac disease • Def : - An auto
- Page 421 and 422:
B. Jejunal biopsy (see pathology).
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• Investigations : 1) Jejuna biop
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Short bowel syndrome - Malabsorptio
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Inherited (familial) colorectal can
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Pelvi-abdominal CT/MRI/PET scan wit
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Acute Intestinal ischemia • Def :
- Page 433 and 434:
سؤال امتحان Melanosis col
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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
- Page 437 and 438:
Histology Involve whole bowel wall
- Page 439 and 440:
B. Management of ulcerative colitis
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هام : UC) Colo-rectal cancer on
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Acute infective diarrhea (infective
- Page 445 and 446:
• Management : 1) Rest ,rehydrati
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Liver diseases Hepatitis • Def :
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• Complications: Hepatitis C : 80
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Viral hepatitis B - HBV is a double
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• Immunisation (vaccination) agai
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• Risk factors of ALD : - Men : w
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Fatty liver (steatosis) - It`s live
- Page 459 and 460:
• Types according to the types of
- Page 461 and 462:
liver: hepatitis, cirrhosis lentif
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• Features Homozygous PiZZ →(A
- Page 465 and 466:
• Complications Malabsorption: o
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Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
- Page 469 and 470:
سؤال امتحان classificatio
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Meigs' Syndrome : = Ovarian fibroma
- Page 473 and 474:
Type I HRS Rapidly progressive. D
- Page 475 and 476:
Hepatic Encephalopathy: • Def: A
- Page 477 and 478:
Haemochromatosis: - Is an autosomal
- Page 479 and 480:
Hepatomegaly : • Common causes of
- Page 481 and 482:
B. Causes of conjugated (direct) hy
- Page 483 and 484:
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (CNS): - (C
- Page 485 and 486:
Diseases of pancreas Acute pancreat
- Page 487 and 488:
Chronic Pancreatitis - Is an inflam
- Page 489 and 490:
• Diagnosis: Contrast CT is used
- Page 491 and 492:
Liver biopsy • Contraindications
- Page 493 and 494:
Diseases of RBCs Include 3 main gro
- Page 495 and 496:
Microcytic hypochromic anemias I. I
- Page 497 and 498:
II.Thalassemia - It`s an inherited
- Page 499 and 500:
• Pathogenesis of thalassemia : -
- Page 501 and 502:
Hb electrophoresis : - The major Hb
- Page 503 and 504:
• Management : 1) Phlebotomy (ven
- Page 505 and 506:
Chronic Hemolytic Anemia with acute
- Page 507 and 508:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
- Page 509 and 510:
- Hemolysis which ↑↑ during sle
- Page 511 and 512:
• Causes: 1. Post-infection e.g.
- Page 513 and 514:
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (
- Page 515 and 516:
- These other forms of sickle-cell
- Page 517 and 518:
• Investigations : CBC : normocy
- Page 519 and 520:
• WHO 2008 classification of MDS
- Page 521 and 522:
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemias Ca
- Page 523 and 524:
• Incidence - Peaks in the sixth
- Page 525 and 526:
Hemoglobinopathies Quantitative (Im
- Page 527 and 528:
• Typical carboxyhemoglobin level
- Page 529 and 530:
Leukemoid reaction - Describes the
- Page 531 and 532:
Hyper Eesinophilic syndrome: - Rare
- Page 533 and 534:
B. Lympho-proliferative disorders (
- Page 535 and 536:
- Further classification of each ty
- Page 537 and 538:
• Management of AML : Chemothera
- Page 539 and 540:
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Th
- Page 541 and 542:
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
- Page 543 and 544:
Incdence Commonest acute leukemia
- Page 545 and 546:
• Ann-Arbor staging of Hodgkin's
- Page 547 and 548:
- Chemotherapy includes : 1. Doxoru
- Page 549 and 550:
Burkitt's Lymphoma : - Is a high-gr
- Page 551 and 552:
Multiple myeloma - It`s a neoplasm
- Page 553 and 554:
Diseases of platelets 1. Thrombocyt
- Page 555 and 556:
• Causes of severe thrombocytopen
- Page 557 and 558:
• Normal response to vessel injur
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Von Willebrand's disease - Von Will
- Page 561 and 562:
- There are two main types of hepar
- Page 563 and 564:
2. Warfarin - Warfarin is an oral a
- Page 565 and 566:
74
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Acquired Factor VIII Deficiency - I
- Page 569 and 570:
Thrombophilia ( = thrombotic tenden
- Page 571 and 572:
Hyposplenism e.g. post-splenectomy
- Page 573 and 574:
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) :
- Page 575 and 576:
Tumour markers • Tumour markers m
- Page 577 and 578:
C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
- Page 579 and 580:
Therapeutic antibodies : Monoclonal
- Page 581 and 582:
• Conversion between opioids From
- Page 583 and 584:
Thymoma - Thymomas are the most com
- Page 585 and 586:
Prostate cancer - Prostate cancer i
- Page 587 and 588:
Oncogenes • Def : - They are endo
- Page 589 and 590:
Classification of pathogens الح
- Page 591 and 592:
Anaerobes Aerobes G-ve bacteria G-v
- Page 593 and 594:
B. Whole killed organism (= inactiv
- Page 595 and 596:
Necrotizing fasciitis : - Is a medi
- Page 597 and 598:
A. Actinomycosis - Actynomyces is f
- Page 599 and 600:
Clostridium difficile: - Is a Gram
- Page 601 and 602:
1. Septic arthritis ( the most comm
- Page 603 and 604:
Atypical bacteria I. Mycobacterium
- Page 605 and 606:
Extra-pulmonary TB ( in immunocompr
- Page 607 and 608:
هام جدا : TB Management of Ac
- Page 609 and 610:
III. Spirockaetes A. Leptospirosis
- Page 611 and 612:
IV. Ricketsiae A. African Tick Typh
- Page 613 and 614:
• Management : A. Uncomplicated f
- Page 615 and 616:
- It is again advisable to avoid tr
- Page 617 and 618:
• Diagnosis : Splenic or bone ma
- Page 619 and 620:
• Investigation Antibody test S
- Page 621 and 622:
Cryptosporidium : سؤال - It`s t
- Page 623 and 624:
Antiretroviral group NRTI Examples
- Page 625 and 626:
B. Focal neurological lesions : 1)
- Page 627 and 628:
• Complications : A. Common compl
- Page 629 and 630:
• Complications : 1) Encephalitis
- Page 631 and 632:
6) Infectious mononucleosis (glandu
- Page 633 and 634:
8) Novel Coronavirus - Human corona
- Page 635 and 636:
B. Trematodes (flat worms) Schistos
- Page 637 and 638:
• Management (SIGN 2009) : Azyth
- Page 639 and 640:
Genital ulcers : Common causes of g
- Page 641 and 642:
Lymphogranuloma venereum سؤال t
- Page 643 and 644:
Mechanism of action of common antib
- Page 645 and 646:
Leprosy liptospirosis Lyme disease
- Page 647 and 648:
(Human papilloma virus) UTI in woma
- Page 649 and 650:
Osteomyelitis : - Osteomyelitis des
- Page 651 and 652:
مرض األغنام Orf - Orf is
- Page 653 and 654:
1
- Page 655 and 656:
3
- Page 657 and 658:
Diseases of thick ascending limb of
- Page 659 and 660:
III. According to clinical presenta
- Page 661 and 662:
9
- Page 663 and 664:
Minimal Change disease (MCD) - Near
- Page 665 and 666:
Management Minimal change glomerulo
- Page 667 and 668:
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Page 669 and 670:
B. I.F : no immune deposits (C3 & I
- Page 671 and 672:
3 rd line ttt Plasma exchange: - Th
- Page 673 and 674:
Causes : 1ry ( idiopathic) MCGN .
- Page 675 and 676:
New classification (according to th
- Page 677 and 678:
2) Type II MCGN : 25
- Page 679 and 680:
Membranous nephropathy (MN) - It`s
- Page 681 and 682:
Approaching MN : - Careful history
- Page 683 and 684:
Prognosis : (rule of thirds) 1/3 o
- Page 685 and 686:
IgA nephropathy Basics: Also calle
- Page 687 and 688:
Management of IgA nephropathy Low r
- Page 689 and 690:
Renal parenchymatous diseases accor
- Page 691 and 692:
NB : The antigens against which th
- Page 693 and 694:
Management of nephritic syndrome :
- Page 695 and 696:
Management: ACE-I ARBs Approximat
- Page 697 and 698:
Acute renal failure (now termed acu
- Page 699 and 700:
Causes of CKD : Common causes of CK
- Page 701 and 702:
Anemia in CRF: All types of anemia
- Page 703 and 704:
There is transformation among the p
- Page 705 and 706:
III. Pauci-immune (ANCA+ve) nephrop
- Page 707 and 708:
Hereditary renal disease I. Alport
- Page 709 and 710:
NEUROLOGY DR. MEDHAT M.SLEAT 2013
- Page 711 and 712:
Brain anatomy - It`s a gelatinous o
- Page 713 and 714:
C. Cerebellum : o It lies behind th
- Page 715 and 716:
Frontal lobe Area Site Function Les
- Page 717 and 718:
Parietal lobe Cortical sensory area
- Page 719 and 720:
Occipital lobe Visual sensory area
- Page 721 and 722:
Upper & lower motor neurons - For a
- Page 723 and 724:
U.M.N. Lesion L.M.N. Lesion Paralys
- Page 725 and 726:
اللهم السهل اال ماج
- Page 727 and 728:
II. Optic nerve • Pathway of visi
- Page 729 and 730:
III. Oculomotor nerve - The nucleus
- Page 731 and 732:
IV. Trochlear nerve : - The nucleus
- Page 733 and 734:
V. Trigeminal nerve : - It`s a mixe
- Page 735 and 736:
• Trigeminal nerve palsy: o Cause
- Page 737 and 738:
سؤال هام فى اال متح
- Page 739 and 740:
VII.Facial nerve : - it`s a mixed n
- Page 741 and 742:
U.M.N.L Affects ∆ tract above fac
- Page 743 and 744:
VI. Vestibule-cochlear nerve : - Th
- Page 745 and 746:
VII. Glossopharyngeal nerve : - It`
- Page 747 and 748:
Petrous apex syndrome : • Causes
- Page 749 and 750:
Control of eye movement during head
- Page 751 and 752:
Conjugate gaze palsy Supranuclear N
- Page 753 and 754:
Carotid (anterior) system : Anterio
- Page 755 and 756:
47
- Page 757 and 758:
Basilar artery • Origin : - Forme
- Page 759 and 760:
B. Total occlusion : is fatal 1. De
- Page 761 and 762:
Middle cerebral artery Anterior cer
- Page 763 and 764:
Posterior inferior cerebellar arter
- Page 765 and 766:
IV. Carotid artery endarterectomy
- Page 767 and 768:
Subarachnoid hge (rupture aneurysm)
- Page 769 and 770:
• Clinical presentation : - Typic
- Page 771 and 772:
Traumatic brain injury: Extradural
- Page 773 and 774:
Medial pontine syndrome - e.g occlu
- Page 775 and 776:
• Prognosis : - Variable prognosi
- Page 777 and 778:
Incomplete lesions of spinal cord B
- Page 779 and 780:
Investigations 1. Decreased red cel
- Page 781 and 782:
• Management In primary care; a
- Page 783 and 784:
Lewy body dementia - Is the second
- Page 785 and 786:
Transient global amnesia (TGA) •
- Page 787 and 788:
• Management : Riluzole 1. Anti-
- Page 789 and 790:
Gower`s sign of Duchenne`s muscle d
- Page 791 and 792:
• Management : - 1 st line invest
- Page 793 and 794:
Pricipitating factors of myasthenia
- Page 795 and 796:
- *In reality this is seen in only
- Page 797 and 798:
- The basal ganglia and cerebellum
- Page 799 and 800:
• Extra pyramidal tracts : Tract
- Page 801 and 802:
• Main clinical features : Dyskin
- Page 803 and 804:
2) Levodopa: Usually combined with
- Page 805 and 806:
III. Hemiballism (subthalamus) - Oc
- Page 807 and 808:
• Investigation of choice : MRI (
- Page 809 and 810:
Cerebellar syndromes : Archicerebe
- Page 811 and 812:
Herido-familaial ataxia : A. Friedr
- Page 813 and 814:
سؤال امتحان Meniere's dis
- Page 815 and 816:
Nystagmus - Oscillatory eye movemen
- Page 817 and 818:
Diseases of the nerves • Def : -
- Page 819 and 820:
2. Predominantly sensory : o Friedr
- Page 821 and 822:
Common peroneal nerve (L4,5 & S1,2)
- Page 823 and 824:
Femoral nerve o Origin : lumbar ple
- Page 825 and 826:
L3 nerve root compression L4 nerve
- Page 827 and 828:
Nerve supply of the upper limb Medi
- Page 829 and 830:
121
- Page 831 and 832:
Carpal tunnel syndrome • Def : Mo
- Page 833 and 834:
Sensory to : 1. Dorsal aspect of la
- Page 835 and 836:
Elbow Pain: - The table below detai
- Page 837 and 838:
Reflex Biceps reflex Triceps reflex
- Page 839 and 840:
131
- Page 841 and 842:
Gastroparesis Symptoms include err
- Page 843 and 844:
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) - Ar
- Page 845 and 846:
- Complex partial seizures can take
- Page 847 and 848:
8. It is advised that pregnant wome
- Page 849 and 850:
سؤال امتحان : Cataplexy
- Page 851 and 852:
• Management : o Aim: reducing th
- Page 853 and 854:
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) - Autosomal
- Page 855 and 856:
• General C/P : ( it`s not a must
- Page 857 and 858:
Headache - Headache is the term use
- Page 859 and 860:
Neuropathic pain - Neuropathic pain
- Page 861 and 862:
• Management Stop antipsychotic
- Page 863 and 864:
Lamotrogine (lamictal) • Uses : A
- Page 865 and 866:
1
- Page 867 and 868:
- Layers of the eyeball : Sclera :
- Page 869 and 870:
N.B New classification of non-proli
- Page 871 and 872:
Dry (geographic atrophy) macular de
- Page 873 and 874:
B. Congenital causes 1. Friedreich'
- Page 875 and 876:
Acute angle closure glaucoma - In a
- Page 877 and 878:
سؤال هام فى االمتحا
- Page 879 and 880:
Relative afferent pupillary defect
- Page 881 and 882:
Homocystinuria - Homocystinuria is
- Page 883 and 884:
Causes of bilateral ptosis 5. Myoto
- Page 885 and 886:
1
- Page 887 and 888:
- When a drug is administrated to t
- Page 889 and 890:
2) Binding to plasma & tissue prote
- Page 891 and 892:
- Metabolism of the drugs ccurs in
- Page 893 and 894:
Metabolism of paracetamol in overdo
- Page 895 and 896:
Management of paracetamol toxicity
- Page 897 and 898:
NB : the most helpful test in deter
- Page 899 and 900:
King's College Hospital criteria fo
- Page 901 and 902:
• Time course of drug metabolism
- Page 903 and 904:
Measurement of plasma drug level :
- Page 905 and 906:
Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
- Page 907 and 908:
Ectasy (= MDMA = Methylene-dioxy-me
- Page 909 and 910:
Mood disorders Depression • Def :
- Page 911 and 912:
Psychotic depression : - Major depr
- Page 913 and 914:
More sedative Amitriptyline Clomi
- Page 915 and 916:
• Discontinuation symptoms 1) Inc
- Page 917 and 918:
• Examples of typical antipsychot
- Page 919 and 920:
• Treatment of bipolar disorder :
- Page 921 and 922:
Lithium - Lithium is a mood stabili
- Page 923 and 924:
Post partum mental health problems
- Page 925 and 926:
Functional deterioration : 1) Impai
- Page 927 and 928:
B. Compulsions : - Stereotyped acti
- Page 929 and 930:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Page 931 and 932:
Somatoform disorders (unexplained s
- Page 933 and 934:
Eating disorders 1. Anorexia nervos
- Page 935 and 936:
Sleep disorders 1. Sleep paralysis
- Page 937 and 938:
• Mechanism : • Features : Subs
- Page 939:
• Diagnosis : Chronic fatigue syn
- Page 942 and 943:
- Causes of defective lung perfusio
- Page 944 and 945:
1) Central regulatory centres : A)
- Page 946 and 947:
Lung capacities :
- Page 948 and 949:
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Page 950 and 951:
FEV1 Meaning (units) Description Fo
- Page 952 and 953:
هام جداPFT Algorithm of inter
- Page 954 and 955:
Interpretation of flow volume loope
- Page 956 and 957:
Bronchial asthma - BA is a reversib
- Page 958 and 959:
Diagnosis of BA in adults(British T
- Page 960:
Step 4 Step 5 Consider trials of:
- Page 963 and 964:
Causes : 1. Smoking (tobacco smooki
- Page 965 and 966:
The severity of COPD is categorised
- Page 967 and 968:
2. Bronchodilator therapy A short-
- Page 969 and 970: Bronchiolitis oblitrans(BO) - Progr
- Page 971 and 972: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (=hyp
- Page 973 and 974: Subtypes a) Cylindrical (bronchi ha
- Page 975 and 976: Cystic fibrosis(CF) - Autosomal rec
- Page 977 and 978: Pulmonary embolism (PE) - PE is pre
- Page 979 and 980: CTPA or V/Q scan? The British Thor
- Page 981 and 982: Management of PE (The NICE guidelin
- Page 983 and 984: 1- General constitutional symptoms
- Page 985 and 986: Mycoplasma pneumonia - Is a cause o
- Page 987 and 988: Investigation األهم diagnosis.
- Page 989 and 990: Aspergilloma : - A fungus ball that
- Page 991 and 992: Asbestos-related lung diseases Pleu
- Page 993 and 994: • Clinical features : Dyspnoea
- Page 995 and 996: • Investigations (NICE 2015) : Sy
- Page 997 and 998: Stage IIIb Stage IV T1 N0 - No L.N
- Page 999 and 1000: Non-small cell carcinoma : Squamous
- Page 1001 and 1002: Lung carcinoid - Neuro-endocrine tu
- Page 1003 and 1004: Pulmonary eosinophelia - Group of d
- Page 1005 and 1006: • Investigations : - There is no
- Page 1007 and 1008: Pleural diseases Pleural effusion -
- Page 1009 and 1010: 3) Pleural(Abram`s) biopsy : - Indi
- Page 1011 and 1012: • Investigations : 1) Chest X-ray
- Page 1013 and 1014: - Tension pneumothorax ► Tension
- Page 1015 and 1016: Respiratory questions reveiw for MR
- Page 1017 and 1018: Q6 : A 63-year-old woman presents a
- Page 1022 and 1023: - It`s a common degenerative joint
- Page 1024 and 1025: Cervical spondylosis - It`s an age-
- Page 1026 and 1027: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Def :
- Page 1028 and 1029: c) Boutonniere deformity (i.e exten
- Page 1030 and 1031: هام جدا : arthritis • Diagn
- Page 1032 and 1033: Methotrexate: - Methotrexate is an
- Page 1034 and 1035: Ankylosing spondilitis - One of HLA
- Page 1036 and 1037: • Management of AS: - Early diagn
- Page 1038 and 1039: The table below shows the organisms
- Page 1040 and 1041: Behcet's syndrome Behcet's syndrome
- Page 1042 and 1043: Crystal-induced arthritis GOUT - Go
- Page 1044 and 1045: IV. Gouty nephropathy : Acute gout
- Page 1046 and 1047: C. Lifestyle modifications: 1. Redu
- Page 1048 and 1049: Dermatomyositis • Def : - Inflamm
- Page 1050 and 1051: Inclusion body myositis (IBM) : - T
- Page 1052 and 1053: 34
- Page 1054 and 1055: firm surface or flexed for extended
- Page 1056 and 1057: Ottawa rules: Def : - Are a set of
- Page 1058 and 1059: Autoimmune rheumatic diseases Syste
- Page 1060 and 1061: J. Neurological : 1. Lupus cerebrit
- Page 1062 and 1063: سؤال امتحان Discoid lupu
- Page 1064 and 1065: • Investigations : 1. Thrombocyto
- Page 1066 and 1067: • Antibodies: ANA positive in 90
- Page 1068 and 1069: Sjogren's syndrome - It is an autoi
- Page 1070 and 1071:
Large vessel vasculitis Giant cell
- Page 1072 and 1073:
• Investigations : ( there is no
- Page 1074 and 1075:
Small vessel vasculitis ANCA +VE (
- Page 1076 and 1077:
ANCA -VE vasculitis : Henoch-Schonl
- Page 1078 and 1079:
Disorder Wegener`s granulomatosis G
- Page 1080 and 1081:
Referral to specialist CFS : - With
- Page 1082:
Leflunomide : • Mechanism of acti
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