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Tinea capitis Tinea corporis Tinea pedis A cause of scarring alopecia mainly seen in children Most common cause is trichophyton tonsurans in the UK and the USA May also be caused by microsporum canis acquired from cats or dogs Diagnosis: lesions due to microsporum canis green fluorescence under wood's * TTT : - Oral Grisiofulvin (1 st ) - Oral ketokonazol (2 nd ) Causes : o Trichophyton rubrum o Trichophyton verrucosum (e.g. From contact with cattle) Well-defined annular, erythematous lesions with pustules and papules May be treated with Oral fluconazole *lesions due to Trichophyton species do not readily fluoresce under Wood's lamp Characterized by itchy, peeling skin between the toes Common in adolescence eg athlets feet Tinea capitis Tinea capitis Tinea corporis Tinea corporis Tinea pedis 31
Pyoderma Gangrenosum - Is a condition that causes tissue to become necrotic, causing deep ulcers that usually occur on the legs. When they occur, they can lead to chronic wounds • Features Typically on the lower limbs Initially small red papule Later deep, red, necrotic ulcers with a violaceous border May be accompanied systemic systems e.g. Fever, myalgia • Causes* Idiopathic in 50% IBD: ulcerative colitis, crohn's Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE Myeloproliferative disorders Lymphoma, myeloid leukemias Monoclonal gammopathy (IgA) Primary biliary cirrhosis • Management: Oral steroids : first-line treatment Other immunosuppressive therapy : eg Cyclosporin and infliximab, have a role in difficult cases. *note whilst pyoderma gangrenosum can occur in diabetes mellitus it is rare and is generally not included in a differential of potential causes 32
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A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from w
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It contains : - 46 (23 pairs) of ch
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6. Glycolipids - signal molecules.
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Eukaryotic cell cycle : - Human bod
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• Regulation of the cell cycle :
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11
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• Morphology of apoptosis (EM) :
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Ion transport - Trans-membrane ion
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Disease Signal transduction Ligands
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Example of GP-CR → Adrenergic rec
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- There are around 30,000 gene , on
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- The language used by DNA is calle
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Autosomal dominant Autosomal recess
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Modes of disease inheritance Autos
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Autosomal dominant conditions Very
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X-linked dominant inheritance - The
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Fragile X syndrome : - Trinucleotid
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Some common genetic syndromes Triso
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Edwards Syndrome - Also known as Tr
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• Prognosis of Marfan syndrome -
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Noonan Syndrome - Often thought of
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Immune system - Immunity is the lin
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Classification of immunity Innate i
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Immune response to pathogen : A) In
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Expression Structure MHC I - In all
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C) Adaptive immune response : - The
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Cytokines produced by different kin
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ANCA o There are two main types of
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Tolerance & autoimmunity : o The im
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Complement system o It`s a group of
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Inflammation o Inflammation is a no
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o Immunosuppressive therapy is used
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C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
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o The mode of action of sirolimus i
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Primary immunodeficiency o Primary
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o Recently, a further category has
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- Reabsorption of HCO3 - (85% in PC
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Pathogenesis: Causes : Features : T
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A) Respiratory centers depression A
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o Treatment of chronic respiratory
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Saline - Responsive metabolic alkal
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Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Plasm
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Hypernatremia (Na + > 145 mmol/L) :
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Hyperkalemia (K + > 5.2 mmo/L) : -
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Hypokalemia - Potassium and hydroge
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Medical statistics • Def : • St
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MEDIAN (=mid-point) Def : It is the
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Q : A study is performed to find th
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- Whilst correlation coefficients g
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Statistics which test differences P
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B. Statistics which test confidence
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P- VALUES • Def : - The P (propab
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Q 1: Q2 : If a drug reduces the inc
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Q4 : - CER (Aspirin) = 3% - EER (ne
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SPECIFICITY = →This is the rate a
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Q : 123
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Randomised controlled trial Experim
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Case-control study • Def : - It`s
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Study Design: Evidence and Recommen
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Intention to treat analysis Q - It
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES Definitio
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Risk factors of CAD: High risk fac
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Stable (chronic) angina (= angina o
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A) Medical ttt of stable angina(CKS
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DVLA rules: cardiovascular disorder
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STMI NSTMI/UA ACS < 12 hrs of symto
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• Treatment : A. Medical TTT : I
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Cardiac arrhythmias I. Tachyarrhyth
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) Def : - o
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2. Echocardiography: - Significant
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Acute newly detected AF Hemodynamic
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Rate vs rhythm control : Factors fa
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Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
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Long QT syndrome Def: - Long QT syn
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Conducting system of the heart : He
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Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular
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• Treatment of shockable rhythms
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Peri-arrest rhythms A. Peri-arrest
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B. Peri-arrest tachycardia Hemodyna
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QRS Deflection Inferior leads (II,I
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B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) :
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Hypertension Clinic BP measurement
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Stepwise approach of treatment of H
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH
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Normal pulse in young (25y) person
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Jugular venous pulse(JVP) 52
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Valvular heart disease Aortic steno
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• Features Aortic regurgitation
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• Echocardiography : A 'tight' m
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Murmur Causes Character Point of ma
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Pericarditis Pericarditis is one of
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Myocarditis • Causes Viral: Coxs
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- Most of cardiologists proceeds to
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Causes of sudden cardiac death : In
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2) Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs) - T
Page 203 and 204: Eisenmenger's syndrome - In acyanot
Page 205 and 206: - When properly positioned, the dis
Page 207 and 208: Down syndrome - Down syndrome is th
Page 209 and 210: Marfan's syndrome - Marfan's syndro
Page 211 and 212: Causes: - Streptococcus viridans (m
Page 213 and 214: Treatment of IE : A) Medical ttt :
Page 215 and 216: CVS medications Antiarrhythmic drug
Page 217 and 218: Amiodarone Class : III antiarrhyth
Page 219 and 220: ‣ Β- blockers cardiotoxicity : -
Page 221 and 222: Aspirin : Mechanism of action : -
Page 223 and 224: Diuretics : Thiazides Diuretics Act
Page 225 and 226: lesions Macule Patch Papule Nodule
Page 227 and 228: Acne vulgaris - Acne vulgaris is a
Page 229 and 230: Isotretinoin - Is an oral retinoid
Page 231 and 232: Pityriasis Versicolor (= tinea vers
Page 233 and 234: Plaque psoriasis Flexural psoriasis
Page 235 and 236: - Finger tip rule 1 finger tip uni
Page 237 and 238: D. Contact dermatitis - Contact der
Page 239 and 240: Pemphigus vulgaris - Is an autoimmu
Page 241 and 242: Erythematous skin rash Erythema mul
Page 243 and 244: Erythema nodosum - Idiopathic condi
Page 245 and 246: Lichen-like diseases - Lichens are
Page 247 and 248: Scabies • Overview : - It is a pr
Page 249 and 250: Diseases of hairs Hirsuitism & Hype
Page 251 and 252: Diseases of the nails Onycholysis -
Page 253: Skin infections Impetigo - Is a hig
Page 257 and 258: Granuloma annulare - Papular lesion
Page 259 and 260: Molluscum contagiosum - Flesh-white
Page 261 and 262: Skin disorders associated with mali
Page 263 and 264: *Langer lines were historically use
Page 266 and 267: Pituitary gland Anatomy : - Small
Page 268 and 269: Diseases of pituitary gland Anterio
Page 270 and 271: Anterior pituitary hpofunction in a
Page 272 and 273: Anterior pituitary hyperfunction I.
Page 274 and 275: o Hands & feet : - Spade-like hands
Page 276 and 277: Prolactin is unique amongst the pit
Page 278 and 279: Very rare drug causes of gynaecomas
Page 280 and 281: Investigations : 1) High plasma osm
Page 282 and 283: Treatment of DI : Cranial DI (ie wi
Page 284 and 285: Non-functioning adenoma (chromophob
Page 286 and 287: Thyroid gland Anatomy : - Butterfl
Page 288 and 289: Control of thyroid hormones (hypoth
Page 290 and 291: o Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
Page 292 and 293: - Graves' disease is the most commo
Page 294 and 295: Subclinical Hyperthyroidism - It is
Page 296 and 297: Myxoedema Causes : Primary hypothy
Page 298 and 299: Subclinical Hypothyroidism Basics
Page 300 and 301: Thyroiditis - i.e Inflammation of t
Page 302 and 303: - It`s the commonest endocrine mali
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Amiodarone-induced thyroid disease
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Actions of parathyroid hormone ( pl
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Latent tetany +ve Provocative tests
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■ Clinical picture : Bones, Stone
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Hyperparathyroidism - i.e over prod
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Hypoparathyroidism - i.e decrease p
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- Histologically : bone is formed o
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• Management : (NICE 2011 ,2ndry
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8) Hip protectors : - Evidence to s
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Osteomalacia Def : - Defective min
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (= brittle
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• Functions of adrenal hormones :
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Primary hyperaldosteronism Causes
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Investigations : A. Diagnosis of Cu
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Adrenal insufficiency Causes : o P
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Differences between 1ry & 2ndry adr
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Def : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Met
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سؤال اليخلو منه امت
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3)Other risk factor modification C
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I. Insulin sensitizers 1) Biguanide
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■ Management of type I DM [Insuli
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5) Insulin resistance (i.e requirem
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Complications of DM : Complication
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Diabetic foot ulcers : • Classifi
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Investigations : سؤال amylase.
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Treatment of HONK : as in DKA with
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D. Post delivery : DC TTT(in GDM) ,
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Insulinoma is a neuroendocrine tumo
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Def : body mass index ( BMI) > 30 O
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■ Sibutramine - Withdrawn January
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- Dietary fat (TG) is digested by b
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Classification of hyperlipidemia :
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• Management Referral to a speci
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• Physiology of reproductive syst
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• Def : Delayed growth & puberty
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Hypogonadism ■ Def: - A diminishe
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MRI →Absence of olfactory bulb.
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• Initial investigations Exclude
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■ Diagnostic approach of 2ndry am
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تبدو وتتصرف ك بنت و
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■ Diagnosis : ■ Treatment : Kar
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3) Infertility : (under specialist
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Carcinoid tumours - Group of slowly
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1
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• Hormones of GIT : Hormone Gastr
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• Treatment : A. Acute treatment
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• DD (causes of heart burn sensat
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Dysphagia - The table below gives c
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Disease Achalasia Scleroderma Manom
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Oesophageal cancer - The most commo
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سؤال مهم : dyspepsia Drug-in
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Management of endoscopy proven gast
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Management of endoscopy proven non-
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• Investigations of H.Pylori : س
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• Clinical features of ZES : Zoll
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• Diagnosis: • Staging : Endosc
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Coeliac disease • Def : - An auto
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B. Jejunal biopsy (see pathology).
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• Investigations : 1) Jejuna biop
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Short bowel syndrome - Malabsorptio
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Inherited (familial) colorectal can
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Pelvi-abdominal CT/MRI/PET scan wit
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Acute Intestinal ischemia • Def :
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سؤال امتحان Melanosis col
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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
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Histology Involve whole bowel wall
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B. Management of ulcerative colitis
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هام : UC) Colo-rectal cancer on
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Acute infective diarrhea (infective
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• Management : 1) Rest ,rehydrati
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Liver diseases Hepatitis • Def :
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• Complications: Hepatitis C : 80
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Viral hepatitis B - HBV is a double
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• Immunisation (vaccination) agai
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• Risk factors of ALD : - Men : w
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Fatty liver (steatosis) - It`s live
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• Types according to the types of
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liver: hepatitis, cirrhosis lentif
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• Features Homozygous PiZZ →(A
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• Complications Malabsorption: o
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Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
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سؤال امتحان classificatio
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Meigs' Syndrome : = Ovarian fibroma
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Type I HRS Rapidly progressive. D
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Hepatic Encephalopathy: • Def: A
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Haemochromatosis: - Is an autosomal
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Hepatomegaly : • Common causes of
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B. Causes of conjugated (direct) hy
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Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (CNS): - (C
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Diseases of pancreas Acute pancreat
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Chronic Pancreatitis - Is an inflam
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• Diagnosis: Contrast CT is used
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Liver biopsy • Contraindications
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Diseases of RBCs Include 3 main gro
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Microcytic hypochromic anemias I. I
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II.Thalassemia - It`s an inherited
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• Pathogenesis of thalassemia : -
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Hb electrophoresis : - The major Hb
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• Management : 1) Phlebotomy (ven
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Chronic Hemolytic Anemia with acute
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
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- Hemolysis which ↑↑ during sle
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• Causes: 1. Post-infection e.g.
Page 513 and 514:
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (
Page 515 and 516:
- These other forms of sickle-cell
Page 517 and 518:
• Investigations : CBC : normocy
Page 519 and 520:
• WHO 2008 classification of MDS
Page 521 and 522:
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemias Ca
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• Incidence - Peaks in the sixth
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Hemoglobinopathies Quantitative (Im
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• Typical carboxyhemoglobin level
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Leukemoid reaction - Describes the
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Hyper Eesinophilic syndrome: - Rare
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B. Lympho-proliferative disorders (
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- Further classification of each ty
Page 537 and 538:
• Management of AML : Chemothera
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Th
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
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Incdence Commonest acute leukemia
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• Ann-Arbor staging of Hodgkin's
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- Chemotherapy includes : 1. Doxoru
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Burkitt's Lymphoma : - Is a high-gr
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Multiple myeloma - It`s a neoplasm
Page 553 and 554:
Diseases of platelets 1. Thrombocyt
Page 555 and 556:
• Causes of severe thrombocytopen
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• Normal response to vessel injur
Page 559 and 560:
Von Willebrand's disease - Von Will
Page 561 and 562:
- There are two main types of hepar
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2. Warfarin - Warfarin is an oral a
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74
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Acquired Factor VIII Deficiency - I
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Thrombophilia ( = thrombotic tenden
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Hyposplenism e.g. post-splenectomy
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Graft versus host disease (GVHD) :
Page 575 and 576:
Tumour markers • Tumour markers m
Page 577 and 578:
C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
Page 579 and 580:
Therapeutic antibodies : Monoclonal
Page 581 and 582:
• Conversion between opioids From
Page 583 and 584:
Thymoma - Thymomas are the most com
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Prostate cancer - Prostate cancer i
Page 587 and 588:
Oncogenes • Def : - They are endo
Page 589 and 590:
Classification of pathogens الح
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Anaerobes Aerobes G-ve bacteria G-v
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B. Whole killed organism (= inactiv
Page 595 and 596:
Necrotizing fasciitis : - Is a medi
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A. Actinomycosis - Actynomyces is f
Page 599 and 600:
Clostridium difficile: - Is a Gram
Page 601 and 602:
1. Septic arthritis ( the most comm
Page 603 and 604:
Atypical bacteria I. Mycobacterium
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Extra-pulmonary TB ( in immunocompr
Page 607 and 608:
هام جدا : TB Management of Ac
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III. Spirockaetes A. Leptospirosis
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IV. Ricketsiae A. African Tick Typh
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• Management : A. Uncomplicated f
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- It is again advisable to avoid tr
Page 617 and 618:
• Diagnosis : Splenic or bone ma
Page 619 and 620:
• Investigation Antibody test S
Page 621 and 622:
Cryptosporidium : سؤال - It`s t
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Antiretroviral group NRTI Examples
Page 625 and 626:
B. Focal neurological lesions : 1)
Page 627 and 628:
• Complications : A. Common compl
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• Complications : 1) Encephalitis
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6) Infectious mononucleosis (glandu
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8) Novel Coronavirus - Human corona
Page 635 and 636:
B. Trematodes (flat worms) Schistos
Page 637 and 638:
• Management (SIGN 2009) : Azyth
Page 639 and 640:
Genital ulcers : Common causes of g
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Lymphogranuloma venereum سؤال t
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Mechanism of action of common antib
Page 645 and 646:
Leprosy liptospirosis Lyme disease
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(Human papilloma virus) UTI in woma
Page 649 and 650:
Osteomyelitis : - Osteomyelitis des
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مرض األغنام Orf - Orf is
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1
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3
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Diseases of thick ascending limb of
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III. According to clinical presenta
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9
Page 663 and 664:
Minimal Change disease (MCD) - Near
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Management Minimal change glomerulo
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Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
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B. I.F : no immune deposits (C3 & I
Page 671 and 672:
3 rd line ttt Plasma exchange: - Th
Page 673 and 674:
Causes : 1ry ( idiopathic) MCGN .
Page 675 and 676:
New classification (according to th
Page 677 and 678:
2) Type II MCGN : 25
Page 679 and 680:
Membranous nephropathy (MN) - It`s
Page 681 and 682:
Approaching MN : - Careful history
Page 683 and 684:
Prognosis : (rule of thirds) 1/3 o
Page 685 and 686:
IgA nephropathy Basics: Also calle
Page 687 and 688:
Management of IgA nephropathy Low r
Page 689 and 690:
Renal parenchymatous diseases accor
Page 691 and 692:
NB : The antigens against which th
Page 693 and 694:
Management of nephritic syndrome :
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Management: ACE-I ARBs Approximat
Page 697 and 698:
Acute renal failure (now termed acu
Page 699 and 700:
Causes of CKD : Common causes of CK
Page 701 and 702:
Anemia in CRF: All types of anemia
Page 703 and 704:
There is transformation among the p
Page 705 and 706:
III. Pauci-immune (ANCA+ve) nephrop
Page 707 and 708:
Hereditary renal disease I. Alport
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NEUROLOGY DR. MEDHAT M.SLEAT 2013
Page 711 and 712:
Brain anatomy - It`s a gelatinous o
Page 713 and 714:
C. Cerebellum : o It lies behind th
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Frontal lobe Area Site Function Les
Page 717 and 718:
Parietal lobe Cortical sensory area
Page 719 and 720:
Occipital lobe Visual sensory area
Page 721 and 722:
Upper & lower motor neurons - For a
Page 723 and 724:
U.M.N. Lesion L.M.N. Lesion Paralys
Page 725 and 726:
اللهم السهل اال ماج
Page 727 and 728:
II. Optic nerve • Pathway of visi
Page 729 and 730:
III. Oculomotor nerve - The nucleus
Page 731 and 732:
IV. Trochlear nerve : - The nucleus
Page 733 and 734:
V. Trigeminal nerve : - It`s a mixe
Page 735 and 736:
• Trigeminal nerve palsy: o Cause
Page 737 and 738:
سؤال هام فى اال متح
Page 739 and 740:
VII.Facial nerve : - it`s a mixed n
Page 741 and 742:
U.M.N.L Affects ∆ tract above fac
Page 743 and 744:
VI. Vestibule-cochlear nerve : - Th
Page 745 and 746:
VII. Glossopharyngeal nerve : - It`
Page 747 and 748:
Petrous apex syndrome : • Causes
Page 749 and 750:
Control of eye movement during head
Page 751 and 752:
Conjugate gaze palsy Supranuclear N
Page 753 and 754:
Carotid (anterior) system : Anterio
Page 755 and 756:
47
Page 757 and 758:
Basilar artery • Origin : - Forme
Page 759 and 760:
B. Total occlusion : is fatal 1. De
Page 761 and 762:
Middle cerebral artery Anterior cer
Page 763 and 764:
Posterior inferior cerebellar arter
Page 765 and 766:
IV. Carotid artery endarterectomy
Page 767 and 768:
Subarachnoid hge (rupture aneurysm)
Page 769 and 770:
• Clinical presentation : - Typic
Page 771 and 772:
Traumatic brain injury: Extradural
Page 773 and 774:
Medial pontine syndrome - e.g occlu
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• Prognosis : - Variable prognosi
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Incomplete lesions of spinal cord B
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Investigations 1. Decreased red cel
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• Management In primary care; a
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Lewy body dementia - Is the second
Page 785 and 786:
Transient global amnesia (TGA) •
Page 787 and 788:
• Management : Riluzole 1. Anti-
Page 789 and 790:
Gower`s sign of Duchenne`s muscle d
Page 791 and 792:
• Management : - 1 st line invest
Page 793 and 794:
Pricipitating factors of myasthenia
Page 795 and 796:
- *In reality this is seen in only
Page 797 and 798:
- The basal ganglia and cerebellum
Page 799 and 800:
• Extra pyramidal tracts : Tract
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• Main clinical features : Dyskin
Page 803 and 804:
2) Levodopa: Usually combined with
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III. Hemiballism (subthalamus) - Oc
Page 807 and 808:
• Investigation of choice : MRI (
Page 809 and 810:
Cerebellar syndromes : Archicerebe
Page 811 and 812:
Herido-familaial ataxia : A. Friedr
Page 813 and 814:
سؤال امتحان Meniere's dis
Page 815 and 816:
Nystagmus - Oscillatory eye movemen
Page 817 and 818:
Diseases of the nerves • Def : -
Page 819 and 820:
2. Predominantly sensory : o Friedr
Page 821 and 822:
Common peroneal nerve (L4,5 & S1,2)
Page 823 and 824:
Femoral nerve o Origin : lumbar ple
Page 825 and 826:
L3 nerve root compression L4 nerve
Page 827 and 828:
Nerve supply of the upper limb Medi
Page 829 and 830:
121
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Carpal tunnel syndrome • Def : Mo
Page 833 and 834:
Sensory to : 1. Dorsal aspect of la
Page 835 and 836:
Elbow Pain: - The table below detai
Page 837 and 838:
Reflex Biceps reflex Triceps reflex
Page 839 and 840:
131
Page 841 and 842:
Gastroparesis Symptoms include err
Page 843 and 844:
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) - Ar
Page 845 and 846:
- Complex partial seizures can take
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8. It is advised that pregnant wome
Page 849 and 850:
سؤال امتحان : Cataplexy
Page 851 and 852:
• Management : o Aim: reducing th
Page 853 and 854:
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) - Autosomal
Page 855 and 856:
• General C/P : ( it`s not a must
Page 857 and 858:
Headache - Headache is the term use
Page 859 and 860:
Neuropathic pain - Neuropathic pain
Page 861 and 862:
• Management Stop antipsychotic
Page 863 and 864:
Lamotrogine (lamictal) • Uses : A
Page 865 and 866:
1
Page 867 and 868:
- Layers of the eyeball : Sclera :
Page 869 and 870:
N.B New classification of non-proli
Page 871 and 872:
Dry (geographic atrophy) macular de
Page 873 and 874:
B. Congenital causes 1. Friedreich'
Page 875 and 876:
Acute angle closure glaucoma - In a
Page 877 and 878:
سؤال هام فى االمتحا
Page 879 and 880:
Relative afferent pupillary defect
Page 881 and 882:
Homocystinuria - Homocystinuria is
Page 883 and 884:
Causes of bilateral ptosis 5. Myoto
Page 885 and 886:
1
Page 887 and 888:
- When a drug is administrated to t
Page 889 and 890:
2) Binding to plasma & tissue prote
Page 891 and 892:
- Metabolism of the drugs ccurs in
Page 893 and 894:
Metabolism of paracetamol in overdo
Page 895 and 896:
Management of paracetamol toxicity
Page 897 and 898:
NB : the most helpful test in deter
Page 899 and 900:
King's College Hospital criteria fo
Page 901 and 902:
• Time course of drug metabolism
Page 903 and 904:
Measurement of plasma drug level :
Page 905 and 906:
Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
Page 907 and 908:
Ectasy (= MDMA = Methylene-dioxy-me
Page 909 and 910:
Mood disorders Depression • Def :
Page 911 and 912:
Psychotic depression : - Major depr
Page 913 and 914:
More sedative Amitriptyline Clomi
Page 915 and 916:
• Discontinuation symptoms 1) Inc
Page 917 and 918:
• Examples of typical antipsychot
Page 919 and 920:
• Treatment of bipolar disorder :
Page 921 and 922:
Lithium - Lithium is a mood stabili
Page 923 and 924:
Post partum mental health problems
Page 925 and 926:
Functional deterioration : 1) Impai
Page 927 and 928:
B. Compulsions : - Stereotyped acti
Page 929 and 930:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Page 931 and 932:
Somatoform disorders (unexplained s
Page 933 and 934:
Eating disorders 1. Anorexia nervos
Page 935 and 936:
Sleep disorders 1. Sleep paralysis
Page 937 and 938:
• Mechanism : • Features : Subs
Page 939:
• Diagnosis : Chronic fatigue syn
Page 942 and 943:
- Causes of defective lung perfusio
Page 944 and 945:
1) Central regulatory centres : A)
Page 946 and 947:
Lung capacities :
Page 948 and 949:
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Page 950 and 951:
FEV1 Meaning (units) Description Fo
Page 952 and 953:
هام جداPFT Algorithm of inter
Page 954 and 955:
Interpretation of flow volume loope
Page 956 and 957:
Bronchial asthma - BA is a reversib
Page 958 and 959:
Diagnosis of BA in adults(British T
Page 960:
Step 4 Step 5 Consider trials of:
Page 963 and 964:
Causes : 1. Smoking (tobacco smooki
Page 965 and 966:
The severity of COPD is categorised
Page 967 and 968:
2. Bronchodilator therapy A short-
Page 969 and 970:
Bronchiolitis oblitrans(BO) - Progr
Page 971 and 972:
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (=hyp
Page 973 and 974:
Subtypes a) Cylindrical (bronchi ha
Page 975 and 976:
Cystic fibrosis(CF) - Autosomal rec
Page 977 and 978:
Pulmonary embolism (PE) - PE is pre
Page 979 and 980:
CTPA or V/Q scan? The British Thor
Page 981 and 982:
Management of PE (The NICE guidelin
Page 983 and 984:
1- General constitutional symptoms
Page 985 and 986:
Mycoplasma pneumonia - Is a cause o
Page 987 and 988:
Investigation األهم diagnosis.
Page 989 and 990:
Aspergilloma : - A fungus ball that
Page 991 and 992:
Asbestos-related lung diseases Pleu
Page 993 and 994:
• Clinical features : Dyspnoea
Page 995 and 996:
• Investigations (NICE 2015) : Sy
Page 997 and 998:
Stage IIIb Stage IV T1 N0 - No L.N
Page 999 and 1000:
Non-small cell carcinoma : Squamous
Page 1001 and 1002:
Lung carcinoid - Neuro-endocrine tu
Page 1003 and 1004:
Pulmonary eosinophelia - Group of d
Page 1005 and 1006:
• Investigations : - There is no
Page 1007 and 1008:
Pleural diseases Pleural effusion -
Page 1009 and 1010:
3) Pleural(Abram`s) biopsy : - Indi
Page 1011 and 1012:
• Investigations : 1) Chest X-ray
Page 1013 and 1014:
- Tension pneumothorax ► Tension
Page 1015 and 1016:
Respiratory questions reveiw for MR
Page 1017 and 1018:
Q6 : A 63-year-old woman presents a
Page 1020 and 1021:
Evaluation & diagnosis of a case of
Page 1022 and 1023:
- It`s a common degenerative joint
Page 1024 and 1025:
Cervical spondylosis - It`s an age-
Page 1026 and 1027:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Def :
Page 1028 and 1029:
c) Boutonniere deformity (i.e exten
Page 1030 and 1031:
هام جدا : arthritis • Diagn
Page 1032 and 1033:
Methotrexate: - Methotrexate is an
Page 1034 and 1035:
Ankylosing spondilitis - One of HLA
Page 1036 and 1037:
• Management of AS: - Early diagn
Page 1038 and 1039:
The table below shows the organisms
Page 1040 and 1041:
Behcet's syndrome Behcet's syndrome
Page 1042 and 1043:
Crystal-induced arthritis GOUT - Go
Page 1044 and 1045:
IV. Gouty nephropathy : Acute gout
Page 1046 and 1047:
C. Lifestyle modifications: 1. Redu
Page 1048 and 1049:
Dermatomyositis • Def : - Inflamm
Page 1050 and 1051:
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) : - T
Page 1052 and 1053:
34
Page 1054 and 1055:
firm surface or flexed for extended
Page 1056 and 1057:
Ottawa rules: Def : - Are a set of
Page 1058 and 1059:
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases Syste
Page 1060 and 1061:
J. Neurological : 1. Lupus cerebrit
Page 1062 and 1063:
سؤال امتحان Discoid lupu
Page 1064 and 1065:
• Investigations : 1. Thrombocyto
Page 1066 and 1067:
• Antibodies: ANA positive in 90
Page 1068 and 1069:
Sjogren's syndrome - It is an autoi
Page 1070 and 1071:
Large vessel vasculitis Giant cell
Page 1072 and 1073:
• Investigations : ( there is no
Page 1074 and 1075:
Small vessel vasculitis ANCA +VE (
Page 1076 and 1077:
ANCA -VE vasculitis : Henoch-Schonl
Page 1078 and 1079:
Disorder Wegener`s granulomatosis G
Page 1080 and 1081:
Referral to specialist CFS : - With
Page 1082:
Leflunomide : • Mechanism of acti
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DR Medhat MRCP

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