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A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from w
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It contains : - 46 (23 pairs) of ch
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6. Glycolipids - signal molecules.
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Eukaryotic cell cycle : - Human bod
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• Regulation of the cell cycle :
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11
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• Morphology of apoptosis (EM) :
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Ion transport - Trans-membrane ion
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18
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20
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22
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Disease Signal transduction Ligands
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Example of GP-CR → Adrenergic rec
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29
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- There are around 30,000 gene , on
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- The language used by DNA is calle
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Autosomal dominant Autosomal recess
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Modes of disease inheritance Autos
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Autosomal dominant conditions Very
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X-linked dominant inheritance - The
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Fragile X syndrome : - Trinucleotid
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Some common genetic syndromes Triso
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Edwards Syndrome - Also known as Tr
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• Prognosis of Marfan syndrome -
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Noonan Syndrome - Often thought of
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Immune system - Immunity is the lin
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Classification of immunity Innate i
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Immune response to pathogen : A) In
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Expression Structure MHC I - In all
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C) Adaptive immune response : - The
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Cytokines produced by different kin
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ANCA o There are two main types of
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Tolerance & autoimmunity : o The im
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Complement system o It`s a group of
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Inflammation o Inflammation is a no
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o Immunosuppressive therapy is used
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C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
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o The mode of action of sirolimus i
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Primary immunodeficiency o Primary
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o Recently, a further category has
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- Reabsorption of HCO3 - (85% in PC
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Pathogenesis: Causes : Features : T
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A) Respiratory centers depression A
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o Treatment of chronic respiratory
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Saline - Responsive metabolic alkal
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Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Plasm
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Hypernatremia (Na + > 145 mmol/L) :
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Hyperkalemia (K + > 5.2 mmo/L) : -
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Hypokalemia - Potassium and hydroge
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Medical statistics • Def : • St
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MEDIAN (=mid-point) Def : It is the
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Q : A study is performed to find th
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- Whilst correlation coefficients g
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Statistics which test differences P
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B. Statistics which test confidence
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P- VALUES • Def : - The P (propab
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Q 1: Q2 : If a drug reduces the inc
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Q4 : - CER (Aspirin) = 3% - EER (ne
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SPECIFICITY = →This is the rate a
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Q : 123
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Randomised controlled trial Experim
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Case-control study • Def : - It`s
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Study Design: Evidence and Recommen
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Intention to treat analysis Q - It
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES Definitio
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Risk factors of CAD: High risk fac
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Stable (chronic) angina (= angina o
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A) Medical ttt of stable angina(CKS
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DVLA rules: cardiovascular disorder
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STMI NSTMI/UA ACS < 12 hrs of symto
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• Treatment : A. Medical TTT : I
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Cardiac arrhythmias I. Tachyarrhyth
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) Def : - o
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2. Echocardiography: - Significant
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Acute newly detected AF Hemodynamic
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Rate vs rhythm control : Factors fa
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Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
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Long QT syndrome Def: - Long QT syn
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Conducting system of the heart : He
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Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular
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• Treatment of shockable rhythms
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Peri-arrest rhythms A. Peri-arrest
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B. Peri-arrest tachycardia Hemodyna
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QRS Deflection Inferior leads (II,I
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B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) :
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Hypertension Clinic BP measurement
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Stepwise approach of treatment of H
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH
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Normal pulse in young (25y) person
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Jugular venous pulse(JVP) 52
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Valvular heart disease Aortic steno
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• Features Aortic regurgitation
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• Echocardiography : A 'tight' m
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Murmur Causes Character Point of ma
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Pericarditis Pericarditis is one of
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Myocarditis • Causes Viral: Coxs
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- Most of cardiologists proceeds to
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Causes of sudden cardiac death : In
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2) Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs) - T
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Eisenmenger's syndrome - In acyanot
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- When properly positioned, the dis
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Down syndrome - Down syndrome is th
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Marfan's syndrome - Marfan's syndro
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Causes: - Streptococcus viridans (m
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Treatment of IE : A) Medical ttt :
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CVS medications Antiarrhythmic drug
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Amiodarone Class : III antiarrhyth
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‣ Β- blockers cardiotoxicity : -
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Aspirin : Mechanism of action : -
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Diuretics : Thiazides Diuretics Act
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lesions Macule Patch Papule Nodule
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Acne vulgaris - Acne vulgaris is a
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Isotretinoin - Is an oral retinoid
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Pityriasis Versicolor (= tinea vers
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Plaque psoriasis Flexural psoriasis
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- Finger tip rule 1 finger tip uni
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D. Contact dermatitis - Contact der
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Pemphigus vulgaris - Is an autoimmu
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Erythematous skin rash Erythema mul
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Erythema nodosum - Idiopathic condi
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Lichen-like diseases - Lichens are
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Scabies • Overview : - It is a pr
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Diseases of hairs Hirsuitism & Hype
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Diseases of the nails Onycholysis -
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Skin infections Impetigo - Is a hig
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Pyoderma Gangrenosum - Is a conditi
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Granuloma annulare - Papular lesion
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Molluscum contagiosum - Flesh-white
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Skin disorders associated with mali
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*Langer lines were historically use
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Pituitary gland Anatomy : - Small
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Diseases of pituitary gland Anterio
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Anterior pituitary hpofunction in a
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Anterior pituitary hyperfunction I.
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o Hands & feet : - Spade-like hands
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Prolactin is unique amongst the pit
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Very rare drug causes of gynaecomas
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Investigations : 1) High plasma osm
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Treatment of DI : Cranial DI (ie wi
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Non-functioning adenoma (chromophob
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Thyroid gland Anatomy : - Butterfl
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Control of thyroid hormones (hypoth
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o Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
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- Graves' disease is the most commo
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Subclinical Hyperthyroidism - It is
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Myxoedema Causes : Primary hypothy
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Subclinical Hypothyroidism Basics
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Thyroiditis - i.e Inflammation of t
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- It`s the commonest endocrine mali
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Amiodarone-induced thyroid disease
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Actions of parathyroid hormone ( pl
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Latent tetany +ve Provocative tests
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■ Clinical picture : Bones, Stone
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Hyperparathyroidism - i.e over prod
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Hypoparathyroidism - i.e decrease p
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- Histologically : bone is formed o
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• Management : (NICE 2011 ,2ndry
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8) Hip protectors : - Evidence to s
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Osteomalacia Def : - Defective min
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (= brittle
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• Functions of adrenal hormones :
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Primary hyperaldosteronism Causes
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Investigations : A. Diagnosis of Cu
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Adrenal insufficiency Causes : o P
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Differences between 1ry & 2ndry adr
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Def : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Met
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سؤال اليخلو منه امت
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3)Other risk factor modification C
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I. Insulin sensitizers 1) Biguanide
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■ Management of type I DM [Insuli
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5) Insulin resistance (i.e requirem
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Complications of DM : Complication
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Diabetic foot ulcers : • Classifi
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Investigations : سؤال amylase.
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Treatment of HONK : as in DKA with
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D. Post delivery : DC TTT(in GDM) ,
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Insulinoma is a neuroendocrine tumo
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Def : body mass index ( BMI) > 30 O
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■ Sibutramine - Withdrawn January
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- Dietary fat (TG) is digested by b
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Classification of hyperlipidemia :
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• Management Referral to a speci
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• Physiology of reproductive syst
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• Def : Delayed growth & puberty
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Hypogonadism ■ Def: - A diminishe
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MRI →Absence of olfactory bulb.
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• Initial investigations Exclude
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■ Diagnostic approach of 2ndry am
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تبدو وتتصرف ك بنت و
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■ Diagnosis : ■ Treatment : Kar
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3) Infertility : (under specialist
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Carcinoid tumours - Group of slowly
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1
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• Hormones of GIT : Hormone Gastr
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• Treatment : A. Acute treatment
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• DD (causes of heart burn sensat
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Dysphagia - The table below gives c
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Disease Achalasia Scleroderma Manom
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Oesophageal cancer - The most commo
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سؤال مهم : dyspepsia Drug-in
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Management of endoscopy proven gast
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Management of endoscopy proven non-
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• Investigations of H.Pylori : س
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• Clinical features of ZES : Zoll
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• Diagnosis: • Staging : Endosc
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Coeliac disease • Def : - An auto
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B. Jejunal biopsy (see pathology).
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• Investigations : 1) Jejuna biop
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Short bowel syndrome - Malabsorptio
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Inherited (familial) colorectal can
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Pelvi-abdominal CT/MRI/PET scan wit
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Acute Intestinal ischemia • Def :
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سؤال امتحان Melanosis col
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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
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Histology Involve whole bowel wall
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B. Management of ulcerative colitis
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هام : UC) Colo-rectal cancer on
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Acute infective diarrhea (infective
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• Management : 1) Rest ,rehydrati
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Liver diseases Hepatitis • Def :
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• Complications: Hepatitis C : 80
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Viral hepatitis B - HBV is a double
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• Immunisation (vaccination) agai
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• Risk factors of ALD : - Men : w
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Fatty liver (steatosis) - It`s live
- Page 459 and 460:
• Types according to the types of
- Page 461 and 462:
liver: hepatitis, cirrhosis lentif
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• Features Homozygous PiZZ →(A
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• Complications Malabsorption: o
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Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
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سؤال امتحان classificatio
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Meigs' Syndrome : = Ovarian fibroma
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Type I HRS Rapidly progressive. D
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Hepatic Encephalopathy: • Def: A
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Haemochromatosis: - Is an autosomal
- Page 479 and 480:
Hepatomegaly : • Common causes of
- Page 481 and 482:
B. Causes of conjugated (direct) hy
- Page 483 and 484:
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (CNS): - (C
- Page 485 and 486:
Diseases of pancreas Acute pancreat
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Chronic Pancreatitis - Is an inflam
- Page 489 and 490:
• Diagnosis: Contrast CT is used
- Page 491 and 492:
Liver biopsy • Contraindications
- Page 493 and 494:
Diseases of RBCs Include 3 main gro
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Microcytic hypochromic anemias I. I
- Page 497 and 498:
II.Thalassemia - It`s an inherited
- Page 499 and 500:
• Pathogenesis of thalassemia : -
- Page 501 and 502:
Hb electrophoresis : - The major Hb
- Page 503 and 504:
• Management : 1) Phlebotomy (ven
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Chronic Hemolytic Anemia with acute
- Page 507 and 508:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
- Page 509 and 510:
- Hemolysis which ↑↑ during sle
- Page 511 and 512:
• Causes: 1. Post-infection e.g.
- Page 513 and 514:
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (
- Page 515 and 516:
- These other forms of sickle-cell
- Page 517 and 518:
• Investigations : CBC : normocy
- Page 519 and 520:
• WHO 2008 classification of MDS
- Page 521 and 522:
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemias Ca
- Page 523 and 524:
• Incidence - Peaks in the sixth
- Page 525 and 526:
Hemoglobinopathies Quantitative (Im
- Page 527 and 528:
• Typical carboxyhemoglobin level
- Page 529 and 530:
Leukemoid reaction - Describes the
- Page 531 and 532:
Hyper Eesinophilic syndrome: - Rare
- Page 533 and 534:
B. Lympho-proliferative disorders (
- Page 535 and 536:
- Further classification of each ty
- Page 537 and 538:
• Management of AML : Chemothera
- Page 539 and 540:
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Th
- Page 541 and 542:
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
- Page 543 and 544:
Incdence Commonest acute leukemia
- Page 545 and 546:
• Ann-Arbor staging of Hodgkin's
- Page 547 and 548:
- Chemotherapy includes : 1. Doxoru
- Page 549 and 550:
Burkitt's Lymphoma : - Is a high-gr
- Page 551 and 552:
Multiple myeloma - It`s a neoplasm
- Page 553 and 554:
Diseases of platelets 1. Thrombocyt
- Page 555 and 556:
• Causes of severe thrombocytopen
- Page 557 and 558:
• Normal response to vessel injur
- Page 559 and 560:
Von Willebrand's disease - Von Will
- Page 561 and 562:
- There are two main types of hepar
- Page 563 and 564:
2. Warfarin - Warfarin is an oral a
- Page 565 and 566:
74
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Acquired Factor VIII Deficiency - I
- Page 569 and 570:
Thrombophilia ( = thrombotic tenden
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Hyposplenism e.g. post-splenectomy
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Graft versus host disease (GVHD) :
- Page 575 and 576:
Tumour markers • Tumour markers m
- Page 577 and 578:
C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
- Page 579 and 580:
Therapeutic antibodies : Monoclonal
- Page 581 and 582:
• Conversion between opioids From
- Page 583 and 584:
Thymoma - Thymomas are the most com
- Page 585 and 586:
Prostate cancer - Prostate cancer i
- Page 587 and 588:
Oncogenes • Def : - They are endo
- Page 589 and 590:
Classification of pathogens الح
- Page 591 and 592:
Anaerobes Aerobes G-ve bacteria G-v
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B. Whole killed organism (= inactiv
- Page 595 and 596:
Necrotizing fasciitis : - Is a medi
- Page 597 and 598:
A. Actinomycosis - Actynomyces is f
- Page 599 and 600:
Clostridium difficile: - Is a Gram
- Page 601 and 602:
1. Septic arthritis ( the most comm
- Page 603 and 604:
Atypical bacteria I. Mycobacterium
- Page 605 and 606:
Extra-pulmonary TB ( in immunocompr
- Page 607 and 608:
هام جدا : TB Management of Ac
- Page 609 and 610:
III. Spirockaetes A. Leptospirosis
- Page 611 and 612:
IV. Ricketsiae A. African Tick Typh
- Page 613 and 614:
• Management : A. Uncomplicated f
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- It is again advisable to avoid tr
- Page 617 and 618:
• Diagnosis : Splenic or bone ma
- Page 619 and 620:
• Investigation Antibody test S
- Page 621 and 622:
Cryptosporidium : سؤال - It`s t
- Page 623 and 624:
Antiretroviral group NRTI Examples
- Page 625 and 626:
B. Focal neurological lesions : 1)
- Page 627 and 628:
• Complications : A. Common compl
- Page 629 and 630:
• Complications : 1) Encephalitis
- Page 631 and 632:
6) Infectious mononucleosis (glandu
- Page 633 and 634:
8) Novel Coronavirus - Human corona
- Page 635 and 636:
B. Trematodes (flat worms) Schistos
- Page 637 and 638:
• Management (SIGN 2009) : Azyth
- Page 639 and 640:
Genital ulcers : Common causes of g
- Page 641 and 642:
Lymphogranuloma venereum سؤال t
- Page 643 and 644:
Mechanism of action of common antib
- Page 645 and 646:
Leprosy liptospirosis Lyme disease
- Page 647 and 648:
(Human papilloma virus) UTI in woma
- Page 649 and 650:
Osteomyelitis : - Osteomyelitis des
- Page 651 and 652:
مرض األغنام Orf - Orf is
- Page 653 and 654:
1
- Page 655 and 656:
3
- Page 657 and 658:
Diseases of thick ascending limb of
- Page 659 and 660:
III. According to clinical presenta
- Page 661 and 662:
9
- Page 663 and 664:
Minimal Change disease (MCD) - Near
- Page 665 and 666:
Management Minimal change glomerulo
- Page 667 and 668:
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Page 669 and 670:
B. I.F : no immune deposits (C3 & I
- Page 671 and 672:
3 rd line ttt Plasma exchange: - Th
- Page 673 and 674:
Causes : 1ry ( idiopathic) MCGN .
- Page 675 and 676:
New classification (according to th
- Page 677 and 678:
2) Type II MCGN : 25
- Page 679 and 680:
Membranous nephropathy (MN) - It`s
- Page 681 and 682:
Approaching MN : - Careful history
- Page 683 and 684:
Prognosis : (rule of thirds) 1/3 o
- Page 685 and 686:
IgA nephropathy Basics: Also calle
- Page 687 and 688:
Management of IgA nephropathy Low r
- Page 689 and 690:
Renal parenchymatous diseases accor
- Page 691 and 692:
NB : The antigens against which th
- Page 693 and 694:
Management of nephritic syndrome :
- Page 695 and 696:
Management: ACE-I ARBs Approximat
- Page 697 and 698:
Acute renal failure (now termed acu
- Page 699 and 700:
Causes of CKD : Common causes of CK
- Page 701 and 702:
Anemia in CRF: All types of anemia
- Page 703 and 704:
There is transformation among the p
- Page 705 and 706:
III. Pauci-immune (ANCA+ve) nephrop
- Page 707 and 708:
Hereditary renal disease I. Alport
- Page 709 and 710:
NEUROLOGY DR. MEDHAT M.SLEAT 2013
- Page 711 and 712:
Brain anatomy - It`s a gelatinous o
- Page 713 and 714:
C. Cerebellum : o It lies behind th
- Page 715 and 716:
Frontal lobe Area Site Function Les
- Page 717 and 718:
Parietal lobe Cortical sensory area
- Page 719 and 720:
Occipital lobe Visual sensory area
- Page 721 and 722:
Upper & lower motor neurons - For a
- Page 723 and 724:
U.M.N. Lesion L.M.N. Lesion Paralys
- Page 725 and 726:
اللهم السهل اال ماج
- Page 727 and 728:
II. Optic nerve • Pathway of visi
- Page 729 and 730:
III. Oculomotor nerve - The nucleus
- Page 731 and 732:
IV. Trochlear nerve : - The nucleus
- Page 733 and 734:
V. Trigeminal nerve : - It`s a mixe
- Page 735 and 736:
• Trigeminal nerve palsy: o Cause
- Page 737 and 738:
سؤال هام فى اال متح
- Page 739 and 740:
VII.Facial nerve : - it`s a mixed n
- Page 741 and 742:
U.M.N.L Affects ∆ tract above fac
- Page 743 and 744:
VI. Vestibule-cochlear nerve : - Th
- Page 745 and 746:
VII. Glossopharyngeal nerve : - It`
- Page 747 and 748:
Petrous apex syndrome : • Causes
- Page 749 and 750:
Control of eye movement during head
- Page 751 and 752:
Conjugate gaze palsy Supranuclear N
- Page 753 and 754:
Carotid (anterior) system : Anterio
- Page 755 and 756:
47
- Page 757 and 758:
Basilar artery • Origin : - Forme
- Page 759 and 760:
B. Total occlusion : is fatal 1. De
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Middle cerebral artery Anterior cer
- Page 763 and 764:
Posterior inferior cerebellar arter
- Page 765 and 766:
IV. Carotid artery endarterectomy
- Page 767 and 768:
Subarachnoid hge (rupture aneurysm)
- Page 769 and 770:
• Clinical presentation : - Typic
- Page 771 and 772:
Traumatic brain injury: Extradural
- Page 773 and 774:
Medial pontine syndrome - e.g occlu
- Page 775 and 776:
• Prognosis : - Variable prognosi
- Page 777 and 778:
Incomplete lesions of spinal cord B
- Page 779 and 780:
Investigations 1. Decreased red cel
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• Management In primary care; a
- Page 783 and 784:
Lewy body dementia - Is the second
- Page 785 and 786:
Transient global amnesia (TGA) •
- Page 787 and 788:
• Management : Riluzole 1. Anti-
- Page 789 and 790:
Gower`s sign of Duchenne`s muscle d
- Page 791 and 792:
• Management : - 1 st line invest
- Page 793 and 794:
Pricipitating factors of myasthenia
- Page 795 and 796:
- *In reality this is seen in only
- Page 797 and 798:
- The basal ganglia and cerebellum
- Page 799 and 800:
• Extra pyramidal tracts : Tract
- Page 801 and 802:
• Main clinical features : Dyskin
- Page 803 and 804:
2) Levodopa: Usually combined with
- Page 805 and 806:
III. Hemiballism (subthalamus) - Oc
- Page 807 and 808:
• Investigation of choice : MRI (
- Page 809 and 810:
Cerebellar syndromes : Archicerebe
- Page 811 and 812:
Herido-familaial ataxia : A. Friedr
- Page 813 and 814:
سؤال امتحان Meniere's dis
- Page 815 and 816:
Nystagmus - Oscillatory eye movemen
- Page 817 and 818:
Diseases of the nerves • Def : -
- Page 819 and 820:
2. Predominantly sensory : o Friedr
- Page 821 and 822:
Common peroneal nerve (L4,5 & S1,2)
- Page 823 and 824:
Femoral nerve o Origin : lumbar ple
- Page 825 and 826:
L3 nerve root compression L4 nerve
- Page 827 and 828:
Nerve supply of the upper limb Medi
- Page 829 and 830:
121
- Page 831 and 832:
Carpal tunnel syndrome • Def : Mo
- Page 833 and 834:
Sensory to : 1. Dorsal aspect of la
- Page 835 and 836:
Elbow Pain: - The table below detai
- Page 837 and 838:
Reflex Biceps reflex Triceps reflex
- Page 839 and 840:
131
- Page 841 and 842:
Gastroparesis Symptoms include err
- Page 843 and 844:
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) - Ar
- Page 845 and 846:
- Complex partial seizures can take
- Page 847 and 848:
8. It is advised that pregnant wome
- Page 849 and 850:
سؤال امتحان : Cataplexy
- Page 851 and 852:
• Management : o Aim: reducing th
- Page 853 and 854:
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) - Autosomal
- Page 855 and 856:
• General C/P : ( it`s not a must
- Page 857 and 858:
Headache - Headache is the term use
- Page 859 and 860:
Neuropathic pain - Neuropathic pain
- Page 861 and 862:
• Management Stop antipsychotic
- Page 863 and 864:
Lamotrogine (lamictal) • Uses : A
- Page 865 and 866:
1
- Page 867 and 868:
- Layers of the eyeball : Sclera :
- Page 869 and 870:
N.B New classification of non-proli
- Page 871 and 872:
Dry (geographic atrophy) macular de
- Page 873 and 874:
B. Congenital causes 1. Friedreich'
- Page 875 and 876:
Acute angle closure glaucoma - In a
- Page 877 and 878:
سؤال هام فى االمتحا
- Page 879 and 880:
Relative afferent pupillary defect
- Page 881 and 882:
Homocystinuria - Homocystinuria is
- Page 883 and 884:
Causes of bilateral ptosis 5. Myoto
- Page 885 and 886:
1
- Page 887 and 888:
- When a drug is administrated to t
- Page 889 and 890:
2) Binding to plasma & tissue prote
- Page 891 and 892:
- Metabolism of the drugs ccurs in
- Page 893 and 894:
Metabolism of paracetamol in overdo
- Page 895 and 896:
Management of paracetamol toxicity
- Page 897 and 898:
NB : the most helpful test in deter
- Page 899 and 900:
King's College Hospital criteria fo
- Page 901 and 902:
• Time course of drug metabolism
- Page 903 and 904:
Measurement of plasma drug level :
- Page 905 and 906:
Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
- Page 907 and 908:
Ectasy (= MDMA = Methylene-dioxy-me
- Page 909 and 910:
Mood disorders Depression • Def :
- Page 911 and 912:
Psychotic depression : - Major depr
- Page 913 and 914:
More sedative Amitriptyline Clomi
- Page 915 and 916:
• Discontinuation symptoms 1) Inc
- Page 917 and 918:
• Examples of typical antipsychot
- Page 919 and 920:
• Treatment of bipolar disorder :
- Page 921 and 922:
Lithium - Lithium is a mood stabili
- Page 923 and 924:
Post partum mental health problems
- Page 925 and 926:
Functional deterioration : 1) Impai
- Page 927 and 928:
B. Compulsions : - Stereotyped acti
- Page 929 and 930:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Page 931 and 932:
Somatoform disorders (unexplained s
- Page 933 and 934:
Eating disorders 1. Anorexia nervos
- Page 935 and 936:
Sleep disorders 1. Sleep paralysis
- Page 937 and 938:
• Mechanism : • Features : Subs
- Page 939:
• Diagnosis : Chronic fatigue syn
- Page 942 and 943:
- Causes of defective lung perfusio
- Page 944 and 945:
1) Central regulatory centres : A)
- Page 946 and 947:
Lung capacities :
- Page 948 and 949:
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Page 950 and 951:
FEV1 Meaning (units) Description Fo
- Page 952 and 953:
هام جداPFT Algorithm of inter
- Page 954 and 955:
Interpretation of flow volume loope
- Page 956 and 957:
Bronchial asthma - BA is a reversib
- Page 958 and 959:
Diagnosis of BA in adults(British T
- Page 960:
Step 4 Step 5 Consider trials of:
- Page 963 and 964:
Causes : 1. Smoking (tobacco smooki
- Page 965 and 966:
The severity of COPD is categorised
- Page 967 and 968:
2. Bronchodilator therapy A short-
- Page 969 and 970:
Bronchiolitis oblitrans(BO) - Progr
- Page 971 and 972:
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (=hyp
- Page 973 and 974:
Subtypes a) Cylindrical (bronchi ha
- Page 975 and 976:
Cystic fibrosis(CF) - Autosomal rec
- Page 977 and 978:
Pulmonary embolism (PE) - PE is pre
- Page 979 and 980:
CTPA or V/Q scan? The British Thor
- Page 981 and 982: Management of PE (The NICE guidelin
- Page 983 and 984: 1- General constitutional symptoms
- Page 985 and 986: Mycoplasma pneumonia - Is a cause o
- Page 987 and 988: Investigation األهم diagnosis.
- Page 989 and 990: Aspergilloma : - A fungus ball that
- Page 991 and 992: Asbestos-related lung diseases Pleu
- Page 993 and 994: • Clinical features : Dyspnoea
- Page 995 and 996: • Investigations (NICE 2015) : Sy
- Page 997 and 998: Stage IIIb Stage IV T1 N0 - No L.N
- Page 999 and 1000: Non-small cell carcinoma : Squamous
- Page 1001 and 1002: Lung carcinoid - Neuro-endocrine tu
- Page 1003 and 1004: Pulmonary eosinophelia - Group of d
- Page 1005 and 1006: • Investigations : - There is no
- Page 1007 and 1008: Pleural diseases Pleural effusion -
- Page 1009 and 1010: 3) Pleural(Abram`s) biopsy : - Indi
- Page 1011 and 1012: • Investigations : 1) Chest X-ray
- Page 1013 and 1014: - Tension pneumothorax ► Tension
- Page 1015 and 1016: Respiratory questions reveiw for MR
- Page 1017 and 1018: Q6 : A 63-year-old woman presents a
- Page 1020 and 1021: Evaluation & diagnosis of a case of
- Page 1022 and 1023: - It`s a common degenerative joint
- Page 1024 and 1025: Cervical spondylosis - It`s an age-
- Page 1026 and 1027: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Def :
- Page 1028 and 1029: c) Boutonniere deformity (i.e exten
- Page 1030 and 1031: هام جدا : arthritis • Diagn
- Page 1034 and 1035: Ankylosing spondilitis - One of HLA
- Page 1036 and 1037: • Management of AS: - Early diagn
- Page 1038 and 1039: The table below shows the organisms
- Page 1040 and 1041: Behcet's syndrome Behcet's syndrome
- Page 1042 and 1043: Crystal-induced arthritis GOUT - Go
- Page 1044 and 1045: IV. Gouty nephropathy : Acute gout
- Page 1046 and 1047: C. Lifestyle modifications: 1. Redu
- Page 1048 and 1049: Dermatomyositis • Def : - Inflamm
- Page 1050 and 1051: Inclusion body myositis (IBM) : - T
- Page 1052 and 1053: 34
- Page 1054 and 1055: firm surface or flexed for extended
- Page 1056 and 1057: Ottawa rules: Def : - Are a set of
- Page 1058 and 1059: Autoimmune rheumatic diseases Syste
- Page 1060 and 1061: J. Neurological : 1. Lupus cerebrit
- Page 1062 and 1063: سؤال امتحان Discoid lupu
- Page 1064 and 1065: • Investigations : 1. Thrombocyto
- Page 1066 and 1067: • Antibodies: ANA positive in 90
- Page 1068 and 1069: Sjogren's syndrome - It is an autoi
- Page 1070 and 1071: Large vessel vasculitis Giant cell
- Page 1072 and 1073: • Investigations : ( there is no
- Page 1074 and 1075: Small vessel vasculitis ANCA +VE (
- Page 1076 and 1077: ANCA -VE vasculitis : Henoch-Schonl
- Page 1078 and 1079: Disorder Wegener`s granulomatosis G
- Page 1080 and 1081: Referral to specialist CFS : - With
- Page 1082:
Leflunomide : • Mechanism of acti