DR Medhat MRCP

Recommendations

Info

4. The BNF advises to apply the insecticide to all areas, including the face and scalp especially areas between fingers and toes, under nails, armpit area, creases of the skin such as at the wrist and elbow. 5. Apply the insecticide cream or liquid to cool, dry skin. 6. Allow to dry and leave on the skin for 8–12 hours for permethrin, or for 24 hours for malathion ,before washing off 7. Reapply if insecticide is removed during the treatment period, e.g. If wash hands, change nappy, etc 8. Repeat treatment 7 days later. • Prognosis : - Pruritus persists for up to 4-6 weeks post eradication. Acanthosis nigricans - Describes symmetrical, brown, velvety plaques that are often found on the neck, axilla and groin due to epidermal proliferation which is thought to be due to ++ of keratinocyte insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1) receptors. • Causes: 1) Internal malignancy (esp. Gastrointestinal). 2) Insulin-resistant DM. 3) Obesity (= pseudoacanthosis nigricans). 4) Acromegaly 5) Cushing's disease 6) Hypothyroidism 7) Polycystic ovarian syndrome 8) Familial. 9) Prader-Willi syndrome. 10) Drugs: oral contraceptive pill , Nicotinic acid • Treatment : non specific (ttt of the cause)e.g : Weight reduction. Stop drugs causing acanthosis nigricans Removal of underlying tumor. Acanthosis nigricans of the axilla Acanthosis nigricans of the neck 25
Diseases of hairs Hirsuitism & Hypertrichosis - Hirsuitism is often used to describe androgen-dependent hair growth in women, while hypertrichosis being used for androgen-independent hair growth. Causes of hirsutism Causes of hypertrichosis Polycystic ovarian syndrome Porphyria cutanea tarda Cushing's syndrome Congenital hypertrichosis lanuginose Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Congenital hypertrichosis terminalis Androgen therapy Anorexia nervosa. Adrenal tumour GI & lung malignancies Androgen secreting ovarian tumour Drugs:ciclosporin , minoxidil, diazoxide Drugs: phenytoin • Assessment of hirsuitism Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system : 9 body areas are assigned a score of 0 - 4, a score > 15 is considered to indicate moderate or severe hirsutism. • Management of hirsuitism Advise weight loss if overweight. Cosmetic techniques such as waxing/bleaching - not available on the NHS Oral contraceptive pills e.g o Co-cyprindiol (Dianette) not long time to avoid venous thromboembolism o Ethinylestradiol and drospirenone (Yasmin). Facial hirsuitism: topical eflornithine - contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding Hirsutism in patient with cushing Hypertrichosis الحمد هلل الذى عافانا مما ابتلى به غيرنا وفضلنا على كثير من خلقه 26
Page 1 and 2:
A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from w
Page 3 and 4:
It contains : - 46 (23 pairs) of ch
Page 5 and 6:
6. Glycolipids - signal molecules.
Page 7 and 8:
Eukaryotic cell cycle : - Human bod
Page 9 and 10:
• Regulation of the cell cycle :
Page 11 and 12:
11
Page 13 and 14:
• Morphology of apoptosis (EM) :
Page 16 and 17:
Ion transport - Trans-membrane ion
Page 18 and 19:
18
Page 20 and 21:
20
Page 22 and 23:
22
Page 24:
Disease Signal transduction Ligands
Page 27 and 28:
Example of GP-CR → Adrenergic rec
Page 29 and 30:
29
Page 31 and 32:
- There are around 30,000 gene , on
Page 33 and 34:
- The language used by DNA is calle
Page 35 and 36:
Autosomal dominant Autosomal recess
Page 37 and 38:
Modes of disease inheritance Autos
Page 39 and 40:
Autosomal dominant conditions Very
Page 41 and 42:
X-linked dominant inheritance - The
Page 43 and 44:
Fragile X syndrome : - Trinucleotid
Page 45 and 46:
Some common genetic syndromes Triso
Page 47 and 48:
Edwards Syndrome - Also known as Tr
Page 49 and 50:
• Prognosis of Marfan syndrome -
Page 51 and 52:
Noonan Syndrome - Often thought of
Page 53 and 54:
Immune system - Immunity is the lin
Page 55 and 56:
Classification of immunity Innate i
Page 58:
Immune response to pathogen : A) In
Page 61 and 62:
Expression Structure MHC I - In all
Page 63 and 64:
C) Adaptive immune response : - The
Page 65 and 66:
Cytokines produced by different kin
Page 67 and 68:
ANCA o There are two main types of
Page 69 and 70:
Tolerance & autoimmunity : o The im
Page 71 and 72:
Complement system o It`s a group of
Page 73 and 74:
Inflammation o Inflammation is a no
Page 75 and 76:
o Immunosuppressive therapy is used
Page 77 and 78:
C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
Page 79 and 80:
o The mode of action of sirolimus i
Page 81 and 82:
Primary immunodeficiency o Primary
Page 83 and 84:
o Recently, a further category has
Page 85 and 86:
- Reabsorption of HCO3 - (85% in PC
Page 87 and 88:
Pathogenesis: Causes : Features : T
Page 89 and 90:
A) Respiratory centers depression A
Page 91 and 92:
o Treatment of chronic respiratory
Page 93 and 94:
Saline - Responsive metabolic alkal
Page 95 and 96:
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Plasm
Page 97 and 98:
Hypernatremia (Na + > 145 mmol/L) :
Page 99 and 100:
Hyperkalemia (K + > 5.2 mmo/L) : -
Page 101 and 102:
Hypokalemia - Potassium and hydroge
Page 103 and 104:
Medical statistics • Def : • St
Page 105 and 106:
MEDIAN (=mid-point) Def : It is the
Page 107 and 108:
Q : A study is performed to find th
Page 109 and 110:
- Whilst correlation coefficients g
Page 111 and 112:
Statistics which test differences P
Page 113 and 114:
B. Statistics which test confidence
Page 115 and 116:
P- VALUES • Def : - The P (propab
Page 117 and 118:
Q 1: Q2 : If a drug reduces the inc
Page 119 and 120:
Q4 : - CER (Aspirin) = 3% - EER (ne
Page 121 and 122:
SPECIFICITY = →This is the rate a
Page 123 and 124:
Q : 123
Page 125 and 126:
Randomised controlled trial Experim
Page 127 and 128:
Case-control study • Def : - It`s
Page 129 and 130:
Study Design: Evidence and Recommen
Page 131 and 132:
Intention to treat analysis Q - It
Page 133 and 134:
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES Definitio
Page 135 and 136:
Risk factors of CAD: High risk fac
Page 137 and 138:
Stable (chronic) angina (= angina o
Page 139 and 140:
A) Medical ttt of stable angina(CKS
Page 141 and 142:
DVLA rules: cardiovascular disorder
Page 143 and 144:
STMI NSTMI/UA ACS < 12 hrs of symto
Page 145 and 146:
• Treatment : A. Medical TTT : I
Page 147 and 148:
Cardiac arrhythmias I. Tachyarrhyth
Page 149 and 150:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) Def : - o
Page 151 and 152:
2. Echocardiography: - Significant
Page 153 and 154:
Acute newly detected AF Hemodynamic
Page 155 and 156:
Rate vs rhythm control : Factors fa
Page 157 and 158:
Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
Page 159 and 160:
Long QT syndrome Def: - Long QT syn
Page 161 and 162:
Conducting system of the heart : He
Page 163 and 164:
Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular
Page 165 and 166:
• Treatment of shockable rhythms
Page 167 and 168:
Peri-arrest rhythms A. Peri-arrest
Page 169 and 170:
B. Peri-arrest tachycardia Hemodyna
Page 171 and 172:
QRS Deflection Inferior leads (II,I
Page 173 and 174:
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) :
Page 175 and 176:
Hypertension Clinic BP measurement
Page 177 and 178:
Stepwise approach of treatment of H
Page 179 and 180:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH
Page 181 and 182:
Normal pulse in young (25y) person
Page 183 and 184:
Jugular venous pulse(JVP) 52
Page 185 and 186:
Valvular heart disease Aortic steno
Page 187 and 188:
• Features Aortic regurgitation
Page 189 and 190:
• Echocardiography : A 'tight' m
Page 191 and 192:
Murmur Causes Character Point of ma
Page 193 and 194:
Pericarditis Pericarditis is one of
Page 195 and 196:
Myocarditis • Causes Viral: Coxs
Page 197 and 198: - Most of cardiologists proceeds to
Page 199 and 200: Causes of sudden cardiac death : In
Page 201 and 202: 2) Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs) - T
Page 203 and 204: Eisenmenger's syndrome - In acyanot
Page 205 and 206: - When properly positioned, the dis
Page 207 and 208: Down syndrome - Down syndrome is th
Page 209 and 210: Marfan's syndrome - Marfan's syndro
Page 211 and 212: Causes: - Streptococcus viridans (m
Page 213 and 214: Treatment of IE : A) Medical ttt :
Page 215 and 216: CVS medications Antiarrhythmic drug
Page 217 and 218: Amiodarone Class : III antiarrhyth
Page 219 and 220: ‣ Β- blockers cardiotoxicity : -
Page 221 and 222: Aspirin : Mechanism of action : -
Page 223 and 224: Diuretics : Thiazides Diuretics Act
Page 225 and 226: lesions Macule Patch Papule Nodule
Page 227 and 228: Acne vulgaris - Acne vulgaris is a
Page 229 and 230: Isotretinoin - Is an oral retinoid
Page 231 and 232: Pityriasis Versicolor (= tinea vers
Page 233 and 234: Plaque psoriasis Flexural psoriasis
Page 235 and 236: - Finger tip rule 1 finger tip uni
Page 237 and 238: D. Contact dermatitis - Contact der
Page 239 and 240: Pemphigus vulgaris - Is an autoimmu
Page 241 and 242: Erythematous skin rash Erythema mul
Page 243 and 244: Erythema nodosum - Idiopathic condi
Page 245 and 246: Lichen-like diseases - Lichens are
Page 247: Scabies • Overview : - It is a pr
Page 251 and 252: Diseases of the nails Onycholysis -
Page 253 and 254: Skin infections Impetigo - Is a hig
Page 255 and 256: Pyoderma Gangrenosum - Is a conditi
Page 257 and 258: Granuloma annulare - Papular lesion
Page 259 and 260: Molluscum contagiosum - Flesh-white
Page 261 and 262: Skin disorders associated with mali
Page 263 and 264: *Langer lines were historically use
Page 266 and 267: Pituitary gland Anatomy : - Small
Page 268 and 269: Diseases of pituitary gland Anterio
Page 270 and 271: Anterior pituitary hpofunction in a
Page 272 and 273: Anterior pituitary hyperfunction I.
Page 274 and 275: o Hands & feet : - Spade-like hands
Page 276 and 277: Prolactin is unique amongst the pit
Page 278 and 279: Very rare drug causes of gynaecomas
Page 280 and 281: Investigations : 1) High plasma osm
Page 282 and 283: Treatment of DI : Cranial DI (ie wi
Page 284 and 285: Non-functioning adenoma (chromophob
Page 286 and 287: Thyroid gland Anatomy : - Butterfl
Page 288 and 289: Control of thyroid hormones (hypoth
Page 290 and 291: o Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
Page 292 and 293: - Graves' disease is the most commo
Page 294 and 295: Subclinical Hyperthyroidism - It is
Page 296 and 297: Myxoedema Causes : Primary hypothy
Page 298 and 299:
Subclinical Hypothyroidism Basics
Page 300 and 301:
Thyroiditis - i.e Inflammation of t
Page 302 and 303:
- It`s the commonest endocrine mali
Page 305:
Amiodarone-induced thyroid disease
Page 308 and 309:
Actions of parathyroid hormone ( pl
Page 310 and 311:
Latent tetany +ve Provocative tests
Page 312 and 313:
■ Clinical picture : Bones, Stone
Page 314 and 315:
Hyperparathyroidism - i.e over prod
Page 316 and 317:
Hypoparathyroidism - i.e decrease p
Page 318 and 319:
- Histologically : bone is formed o
Page 320 and 321:
• Management : (NICE 2011 ,2ndry
Page 322 and 323:
8) Hip protectors : - Evidence to s
Page 324 and 325:
Osteomalacia Def : - Defective min
Page 326 and 327:
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (= brittle
Page 328 and 329:
• Functions of adrenal hormones :
Page 330 and 331:
Primary hyperaldosteronism Causes
Page 332 and 333:
Investigations : A. Diagnosis of Cu
Page 334 and 335:
Adrenal insufficiency Causes : o P
Page 336 and 337:
Differences between 1ry & 2ndry adr
Page 338 and 339:
Def : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Met
Page 340 and 341:
سؤال اليخلو منه امت
Page 343 and 344:
3)Other risk factor modification C
Page 345 and 346:
I. Insulin sensitizers 1) Biguanide
Page 347 and 348:
■ Management of type I DM [Insuli
Page 349 and 350:
5) Insulin resistance (i.e requirem
Page 351 and 352:
Complications of DM : Complication
Page 353 and 354:
Diabetic foot ulcers : • Classifi
Page 355 and 356:
Investigations : سؤال amylase.
Page 357 and 358:
Treatment of HONK : as in DKA with
Page 359 and 360:
D. Post delivery : DC TTT(in GDM) ,
Page 361 and 362:
Insulinoma is a neuroendocrine tumo
Page 363 and 364:
Def : body mass index ( BMI) > 30 O
Page 365 and 366:
■ Sibutramine - Withdrawn January
Page 367 and 368:
- Dietary fat (TG) is digested by b
Page 369 and 370:
Classification of hyperlipidemia :
Page 371 and 372:
• Management Referral to a speci
Page 373 and 374:
• Physiology of reproductive syst
Page 375 and 376:
• Def : Delayed growth & puberty
Page 377 and 378:
Hypogonadism ■ Def: - A diminishe
Page 379 and 380:
MRI →Absence of olfactory bulb.
Page 381 and 382:
• Initial investigations Exclude
Page 383 and 384:
■ Diagnostic approach of 2ndry am
Page 385 and 386:
تبدو وتتصرف ك بنت و
Page 387 and 388:
■ Diagnosis : ■ Treatment : Kar
Page 389 and 390:
3) Infertility : (under specialist
Page 391 and 392:
Carcinoid tumours - Group of slowly
Page 393 and 394:
1
Page 395 and 396:
• Hormones of GIT : Hormone Gastr
Page 397 and 398:
• Treatment : A. Acute treatment
Page 399 and 400:
• DD (causes of heart burn sensat
Page 401 and 402:
Dysphagia - The table below gives c
Page 403 and 404:
Disease Achalasia Scleroderma Manom
Page 405 and 406:
Oesophageal cancer - The most commo
Page 407 and 408:
سؤال مهم : dyspepsia Drug-in
Page 409 and 410:
Management of endoscopy proven gast
Page 411 and 412:
Management of endoscopy proven non-
Page 413 and 414:
• Investigations of H.Pylori : س
Page 415 and 416:
• Clinical features of ZES : Zoll
Page 417 and 418:
• Diagnosis: • Staging : Endosc
Page 419 and 420:
Coeliac disease • Def : - An auto
Page 421 and 422:
B. Jejunal biopsy (see pathology).
Page 423 and 424:
• Investigations : 1) Jejuna biop
Page 425 and 426:
Short bowel syndrome - Malabsorptio
Page 427 and 428:
Inherited (familial) colorectal can
Page 429 and 430:
Pelvi-abdominal CT/MRI/PET scan wit
Page 431 and 432:
Acute Intestinal ischemia • Def :
Page 433 and 434:
سؤال امتحان Melanosis col
Page 435 and 436:
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
Page 437 and 438:
Histology Involve whole bowel wall
Page 439 and 440:
B. Management of ulcerative colitis
Page 441 and 442:
هام : UC) Colo-rectal cancer on
Page 443 and 444:
Acute infective diarrhea (infective
Page 445 and 446:
• Management : 1) Rest ,rehydrati
Page 447 and 448:
Liver diseases Hepatitis • Def :
Page 449 and 450:
• Complications: Hepatitis C : 80
Page 451 and 452:
Viral hepatitis B - HBV is a double
Page 453 and 454:
• Immunisation (vaccination) agai
Page 455 and 456:
• Risk factors of ALD : - Men : w
Page 457 and 458:
Fatty liver (steatosis) - It`s live
Page 459 and 460:
• Types according to the types of
Page 461 and 462:
liver: hepatitis, cirrhosis lentif
Page 463 and 464:
• Features Homozygous PiZZ →(A
Page 465 and 466:
• Complications Malabsorption: o
Page 467 and 468:
Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
Page 469 and 470:
سؤال امتحان classificatio
Page 471 and 472:
Meigs' Syndrome : = Ovarian fibroma
Page 473 and 474:
Type I HRS Rapidly progressive. D
Page 475 and 476:
Hepatic Encephalopathy: • Def: A
Page 477 and 478:
Haemochromatosis: - Is an autosomal
Page 479 and 480:
Hepatomegaly : • Common causes of
Page 481 and 482:
B. Causes of conjugated (direct) hy
Page 483 and 484:
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (CNS): - (C
Page 485 and 486:
Diseases of pancreas Acute pancreat
Page 487 and 488:
Chronic Pancreatitis - Is an inflam
Page 489 and 490:
• Diagnosis: Contrast CT is used
Page 491 and 492:
Liver biopsy • Contraindications
Page 493 and 494:
Diseases of RBCs Include 3 main gro
Page 495 and 496:
Microcytic hypochromic anemias I. I
Page 497 and 498:
II.Thalassemia - It`s an inherited
Page 499 and 500:
• Pathogenesis of thalassemia : -
Page 501 and 502:
Hb electrophoresis : - The major Hb
Page 503 and 504:
• Management : 1) Phlebotomy (ven
Page 505 and 506:
Chronic Hemolytic Anemia with acute
Page 507 and 508:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
Page 509 and 510:
- Hemolysis which ↑↑ during sle
Page 511 and 512:
• Causes: 1. Post-infection e.g.
Page 513 and 514:
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (
Page 515 and 516:
- These other forms of sickle-cell
Page 517 and 518:
• Investigations : CBC : normocy
Page 519 and 520:
• WHO 2008 classification of MDS
Page 521 and 522:
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemias Ca
Page 523 and 524:
• Incidence - Peaks in the sixth
Page 525 and 526:
Hemoglobinopathies Quantitative (Im
Page 527 and 528:
• Typical carboxyhemoglobin level
Page 529 and 530:
Leukemoid reaction - Describes the
Page 531 and 532:
Hyper Eesinophilic syndrome: - Rare
Page 533 and 534:
B. Lympho-proliferative disorders (
Page 535 and 536:
- Further classification of each ty
Page 537 and 538:
• Management of AML : Chemothera
Page 539 and 540:
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Th
Page 541 and 542:
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Page 543 and 544:
Incdence Commonest acute leukemia
Page 545 and 546:
• Ann-Arbor staging of Hodgkin's
Page 547 and 548:
- Chemotherapy includes : 1. Doxoru
Page 549 and 550:
Burkitt's Lymphoma : - Is a high-gr
Page 551 and 552:
Multiple myeloma - It`s a neoplasm
Page 553 and 554:
Diseases of platelets 1. Thrombocyt
Page 555 and 556:
• Causes of severe thrombocytopen
Page 557 and 558:
• Normal response to vessel injur
Page 559 and 560:
Von Willebrand's disease - Von Will
Page 561 and 562:
- There are two main types of hepar
Page 563 and 564:
2. Warfarin - Warfarin is an oral a
Page 565 and 566:
74
Page 567 and 568:
Acquired Factor VIII Deficiency - I
Page 569 and 570:
Thrombophilia ( = thrombotic tenden
Page 571 and 572:
Hyposplenism e.g. post-splenectomy
Page 573 and 574:
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) :
Page 575 and 576:
Tumour markers • Tumour markers m
Page 577 and 578:
C. Antimetabolites Cytotoxic Mechan
Page 579 and 580:
Therapeutic antibodies : Monoclonal
Page 581 and 582:
• Conversion between opioids From
Page 583 and 584:
Thymoma - Thymomas are the most com
Page 585 and 586:
Prostate cancer - Prostate cancer i
Page 587 and 588:
Oncogenes • Def : - They are endo
Page 589 and 590:
Classification of pathogens الح
Page 591 and 592:
Anaerobes Aerobes G-ve bacteria G-v
Page 593 and 594:
B. Whole killed organism (= inactiv
Page 595 and 596:
Necrotizing fasciitis : - Is a medi
Page 597 and 598:
A. Actinomycosis - Actynomyces is f
Page 599 and 600:
Clostridium difficile: - Is a Gram
Page 601 and 602:
1. Septic arthritis ( the most comm
Page 603 and 604:
Atypical bacteria I. Mycobacterium
Page 605 and 606:
Extra-pulmonary TB ( in immunocompr
Page 607 and 608:
هام جدا : TB Management of Ac
Page 609 and 610:
III. Spirockaetes A. Leptospirosis
Page 611 and 612:
IV. Ricketsiae A. African Tick Typh
Page 613 and 614:
• Management : A. Uncomplicated f
Page 615 and 616:
- It is again advisable to avoid tr
Page 617 and 618:
• Diagnosis : Splenic or bone ma
Page 619 and 620:
• Investigation Antibody test S
Page 621 and 622:
Cryptosporidium : سؤال - It`s t
Page 623 and 624:
Antiretroviral group NRTI Examples
Page 625 and 626:
B. Focal neurological lesions : 1)
Page 627 and 628:
• Complications : A. Common compl
Page 629 and 630:
• Complications : 1) Encephalitis
Page 631 and 632:
6) Infectious mononucleosis (glandu
Page 633 and 634:
8) Novel Coronavirus - Human corona
Page 635 and 636:
B. Trematodes (flat worms) Schistos
Page 637 and 638:
• Management (SIGN 2009) : Azyth
Page 639 and 640:
Genital ulcers : Common causes of g
Page 641 and 642:
Lymphogranuloma venereum سؤال t
Page 643 and 644:
Mechanism of action of common antib
Page 645 and 646:
Leprosy liptospirosis Lyme disease
Page 647 and 648:
(Human papilloma virus) UTI in woma
Page 649 and 650:
Osteomyelitis : - Osteomyelitis des
Page 651 and 652:
مرض األغنام Orf - Orf is
Page 653 and 654:
1
Page 655 and 656:
3
Page 657 and 658:
Diseases of thick ascending limb of
Page 659 and 660:
III. According to clinical presenta
Page 661 and 662:
9
Page 663 and 664:
Minimal Change disease (MCD) - Near
Page 665 and 666:
Management Minimal change glomerulo
Page 667 and 668:
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Page 669 and 670:
B. I.F : no immune deposits (C3 & I
Page 671 and 672:
3 rd line ttt Plasma exchange: - Th
Page 673 and 674:
Causes : 1ry ( idiopathic) MCGN .
Page 675 and 676:
New classification (according to th
Page 677 and 678:
2) Type II MCGN : 25
Page 679 and 680:
Membranous nephropathy (MN) - It`s
Page 681 and 682:
Approaching MN : - Careful history
Page 683 and 684:
Prognosis : (rule of thirds) 1/3 o
Page 685 and 686:
IgA nephropathy Basics: Also calle
Page 687 and 688:
Management of IgA nephropathy Low r
Page 689 and 690:
Renal parenchymatous diseases accor
Page 691 and 692:
NB : The antigens against which th
Page 693 and 694:
Management of nephritic syndrome :
Page 695 and 696:
Management: ACE-I ARBs Approximat
Page 697 and 698:
Acute renal failure (now termed acu
Page 699 and 700:
Causes of CKD : Common causes of CK
Page 701 and 702:
Anemia in CRF: All types of anemia
Page 703 and 704:
There is transformation among the p
Page 705 and 706:
III. Pauci-immune (ANCA+ve) nephrop
Page 707 and 708:
Hereditary renal disease I. Alport
Page 709 and 710:
NEUROLOGY DR. MEDHAT M.SLEAT 2013
Page 711 and 712:
Brain anatomy - It`s a gelatinous o
Page 713 and 714:
C. Cerebellum : o It lies behind th
Page 715 and 716:
Frontal lobe Area Site Function Les
Page 717 and 718:
Parietal lobe Cortical sensory area
Page 719 and 720:
Occipital lobe Visual sensory area
Page 721 and 722:
Upper & lower motor neurons - For a
Page 723 and 724:
U.M.N. Lesion L.M.N. Lesion Paralys
Page 725 and 726:
اللهم السهل اال ماج
Page 727 and 728:
II. Optic nerve • Pathway of visi
Page 729 and 730:
III. Oculomotor nerve - The nucleus
Page 731 and 732:
IV. Trochlear nerve : - The nucleus
Page 733 and 734:
V. Trigeminal nerve : - It`s a mixe
Page 735 and 736:
• Trigeminal nerve palsy: o Cause
Page 737 and 738:
سؤال هام فى اال متح
Page 739 and 740:
VII.Facial nerve : - it`s a mixed n
Page 741 and 742:
U.M.N.L Affects ∆ tract above fac
Page 743 and 744:
VI. Vestibule-cochlear nerve : - Th
Page 745 and 746:
VII. Glossopharyngeal nerve : - It`
Page 747 and 748:
Petrous apex syndrome : • Causes
Page 749 and 750:
Control of eye movement during head
Page 751 and 752:
Conjugate gaze palsy Supranuclear N
Page 753 and 754:
Carotid (anterior) system : Anterio
Page 755 and 756:
47
Page 757 and 758:
Basilar artery • Origin : - Forme
Page 759 and 760:
B. Total occlusion : is fatal 1. De
Page 761 and 762:
Middle cerebral artery Anterior cer
Page 763 and 764:
Posterior inferior cerebellar arter
Page 765 and 766:
IV. Carotid artery endarterectomy
Page 767 and 768:
Subarachnoid hge (rupture aneurysm)
Page 769 and 770:
• Clinical presentation : - Typic
Page 771 and 772:
Traumatic brain injury: Extradural
Page 773 and 774:
Medial pontine syndrome - e.g occlu
Page 775 and 776:
• Prognosis : - Variable prognosi
Page 777 and 778:
Incomplete lesions of spinal cord B
Page 779 and 780:
Investigations 1. Decreased red cel
Page 781 and 782:
• Management In primary care; a
Page 783 and 784:
Lewy body dementia - Is the second
Page 785 and 786:
Transient global amnesia (TGA) •
Page 787 and 788:
• Management : Riluzole 1. Anti-
Page 789 and 790:
Gower`s sign of Duchenne`s muscle d
Page 791 and 792:
• Management : - 1 st line invest
Page 793 and 794:
Pricipitating factors of myasthenia
Page 795 and 796:
- *In reality this is seen in only
Page 797 and 798:
- The basal ganglia and cerebellum
Page 799 and 800:
• Extra pyramidal tracts : Tract
Page 801 and 802:
• Main clinical features : Dyskin
Page 803 and 804:
2) Levodopa: Usually combined with
Page 805 and 806:
III. Hemiballism (subthalamus) - Oc
Page 807 and 808:
• Investigation of choice : MRI (
Page 809 and 810:
Cerebellar syndromes : Archicerebe
Page 811 and 812:
Herido-familaial ataxia : A. Friedr
Page 813 and 814:
سؤال امتحان Meniere's dis
Page 815 and 816:
Nystagmus - Oscillatory eye movemen
Page 817 and 818:
Diseases of the nerves • Def : -
Page 819 and 820:
2. Predominantly sensory : o Friedr
Page 821 and 822:
Common peroneal nerve (L4,5 & S1,2)
Page 823 and 824:
Femoral nerve o Origin : lumbar ple
Page 825 and 826:
L3 nerve root compression L4 nerve
Page 827 and 828:
Nerve supply of the upper limb Medi
Page 829 and 830:
121
Page 831 and 832:
Carpal tunnel syndrome • Def : Mo
Page 833 and 834:
Sensory to : 1. Dorsal aspect of la
Page 835 and 836:
Elbow Pain: - The table below detai
Page 837 and 838:
Reflex Biceps reflex Triceps reflex
Page 839 and 840:
131
Page 841 and 842:
Gastroparesis Symptoms include err
Page 843 and 844:
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) - Ar
Page 845 and 846:
- Complex partial seizures can take
Page 847 and 848:
8. It is advised that pregnant wome
Page 849 and 850:
سؤال امتحان : Cataplexy
Page 851 and 852:
• Management : o Aim: reducing th
Page 853 and 854:
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) - Autosomal
Page 855 and 856:
• General C/P : ( it`s not a must
Page 857 and 858:
Headache - Headache is the term use
Page 859 and 860:
Neuropathic pain - Neuropathic pain
Page 861 and 862:
• Management Stop antipsychotic
Page 863 and 864:
Lamotrogine (lamictal) • Uses : A
Page 865 and 866:
1
Page 867 and 868:
- Layers of the eyeball : Sclera :
Page 869 and 870:
N.B New classification of non-proli
Page 871 and 872:
Dry (geographic atrophy) macular de
Page 873 and 874:
B. Congenital causes 1. Friedreich'
Page 875 and 876:
Acute angle closure glaucoma - In a
Page 877 and 878:
سؤال هام فى االمتحا
Page 879 and 880:
Relative afferent pupillary defect
Page 881 and 882:
Homocystinuria - Homocystinuria is
Page 883 and 884:
Causes of bilateral ptosis 5. Myoto
Page 885 and 886:
1
Page 887 and 888:
- When a drug is administrated to t
Page 889 and 890:
2) Binding to plasma & tissue prote
Page 891 and 892:
- Metabolism of the drugs ccurs in
Page 893 and 894:
Metabolism of paracetamol in overdo
Page 895 and 896:
Management of paracetamol toxicity
Page 897 and 898:
NB : the most helpful test in deter
Page 899 and 900:
King's College Hospital criteria fo
Page 901 and 902:
• Time course of drug metabolism
Page 903 and 904:
Measurement of plasma drug level :
Page 905 and 906:
Digoxin and digoxin toxicity - Digo
Page 907 and 908:
Ectasy (= MDMA = Methylene-dioxy-me
Page 909 and 910:
Mood disorders Depression • Def :
Page 911 and 912:
Psychotic depression : - Major depr
Page 913 and 914:
More sedative Amitriptyline Clomi
Page 915 and 916:
• Discontinuation symptoms 1) Inc
Page 917 and 918:
• Examples of typical antipsychot
Page 919 and 920:
• Treatment of bipolar disorder :
Page 921 and 922:
Lithium - Lithium is a mood stabili
Page 923 and 924:
Post partum mental health problems
Page 925 and 926:
Functional deterioration : 1) Impai
Page 927 and 928:
B. Compulsions : - Stereotyped acti
Page 929 and 930:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Page 931 and 932:
Somatoform disorders (unexplained s
Page 933 and 934:
Eating disorders 1. Anorexia nervos
Page 935 and 936:
Sleep disorders 1. Sleep paralysis
Page 937 and 938:
• Mechanism : • Features : Subs
Page 939:
• Diagnosis : Chronic fatigue syn
Page 942 and 943:
- Causes of defective lung perfusio
Page 944 and 945:
1) Central regulatory centres : A)
Page 946 and 947:
Lung capacities :
Page 948 and 949:
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Page 950 and 951:
FEV1 Meaning (units) Description Fo
Page 952 and 953:
هام جداPFT Algorithm of inter
Page 954 and 955:
Interpretation of flow volume loope
Page 956 and 957:
Bronchial asthma - BA is a reversib
Page 958 and 959:
Diagnosis of BA in adults(British T
Page 960:
Step 4 Step 5 Consider trials of:
Page 963 and 964:
Causes : 1. Smoking (tobacco smooki
Page 965 and 966:
The severity of COPD is categorised
Page 967 and 968:
2. Bronchodilator therapy A short-
Page 969 and 970:
Bronchiolitis oblitrans(BO) - Progr
Page 971 and 972:
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (=hyp
Page 973 and 974:
Subtypes a) Cylindrical (bronchi ha
Page 975 and 976:
Cystic fibrosis(CF) - Autosomal rec
Page 977 and 978:
Pulmonary embolism (PE) - PE is pre
Page 979 and 980:
CTPA or V/Q scan? The British Thor
Page 981 and 982:
Management of PE (The NICE guidelin
Page 983 and 984:
1- General constitutional symptoms
Page 985 and 986:
Mycoplasma pneumonia - Is a cause o
Page 987 and 988:
Investigation األهم diagnosis.
Page 989 and 990:
Aspergilloma : - A fungus ball that
Page 991 and 992:
Asbestos-related lung diseases Pleu
Page 993 and 994:
• Clinical features : Dyspnoea
Page 995 and 996:
• Investigations (NICE 2015) : Sy
Page 997 and 998:
Stage IIIb Stage IV T1 N0 - No L.N
Page 999 and 1000:
Non-small cell carcinoma : Squamous
Page 1001 and 1002:
Lung carcinoid - Neuro-endocrine tu
Page 1003 and 1004:
Pulmonary eosinophelia - Group of d
Page 1005 and 1006:
• Investigations : - There is no
Page 1007 and 1008:
Pleural diseases Pleural effusion -
Page 1009 and 1010:
3) Pleural(Abram`s) biopsy : - Indi
Page 1011 and 1012:
• Investigations : 1) Chest X-ray
Page 1013 and 1014:
- Tension pneumothorax ► Tension
Page 1015 and 1016:
Respiratory questions reveiw for MR
Page 1017 and 1018:
Q6 : A 63-year-old woman presents a
Page 1020 and 1021:
Evaluation & diagnosis of a case of
Page 1022 and 1023:
- It`s a common degenerative joint
Page 1024 and 1025:
Cervical spondylosis - It`s an age-
Page 1026 and 1027:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Def :
Page 1028 and 1029:
c) Boutonniere deformity (i.e exten
Page 1030 and 1031:
هام جدا : arthritis • Diagn
Page 1032 and 1033:
Methotrexate: - Methotrexate is an
Page 1034 and 1035:
Ankylosing spondilitis - One of HLA
Page 1036 and 1037:
• Management of AS: - Early diagn
Page 1038 and 1039:
The table below shows the organisms
Page 1040 and 1041:
Behcet's syndrome Behcet's syndrome
Page 1042 and 1043:
Crystal-induced arthritis GOUT - Go
Page 1044 and 1045:
IV. Gouty nephropathy : Acute gout
Page 1046 and 1047:
C. Lifestyle modifications: 1. Redu
Page 1048 and 1049:
Dermatomyositis • Def : - Inflamm
Page 1050 and 1051:
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) : - T
Page 1052 and 1053:
34
Page 1054 and 1055:
firm surface or flexed for extended
Page 1056 and 1057:
Ottawa rules: Def : - Are a set of
Page 1058 and 1059:
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases Syste
Page 1060 and 1061:
J. Neurological : 1. Lupus cerebrit
Page 1062 and 1063:
سؤال امتحان Discoid lupu
Page 1064 and 1065:
• Investigations : 1. Thrombocyto
Page 1066 and 1067:
• Antibodies: ANA positive in 90
Page 1068 and 1069:
Sjogren's syndrome - It is an autoi
Page 1070 and 1071:
Large vessel vasculitis Giant cell
Page 1072 and 1073:
• Investigations : ( there is no
Page 1074 and 1075:
Small vessel vasculitis ANCA +VE (
Page 1076 and 1077:
ANCA -VE vasculitis : Henoch-Schonl
Page 1078 and 1079:
Disorder Wegener`s granulomatosis G
Page 1080 and 1081:
Referral to specialist CFS : - With
Page 1082:
Leflunomide : • Mechanism of acti
show all

DR Medhat MRCP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?