BAKER HUGHES - Drilling Fluids Reference Manual

Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids
Solids control with oil mud..................................................................................................................5-46
Solids ...............................................................................................................................................5-46
Salts..................................................................................................................................................5-50
Formulation Tables ..............................................................................................................................5-51
CARBO-DRILL fluid formulation tables ........................................................................................5-51
SYN-TEQ fluid formulation tables..................................................................................................5-59
Salt tables.........................................................................................................................................5-63
Typical formulation guidelines by BHDF location..........................................................................5-69
Figure 5-1
List of Figures
Structures of Primary Hydrocarbon Classes and Isomerized Olefin (Synthetic
Base) ................................................................................................................................5-7
Figure 5-2 Dipolar Hydrogen Chloride Molecule Showing Separation of Charge ...........................5-8
Figure 5-3
Figure 5-4
Figure 5-5
Figure 5-6
Association of Liquid Water............................................................................................5-8
Schematic Diagram of Hydrated Sodium and Chloride Ions.........................................5-10
Sodium and Chloride Ions Surrounded by Water Molecule Dipoles.............................5-10
Diagram of Attraction Forces in Liquids.......................................................................5-11
Figure 5-7 Surface Tension Causing the Capillary Rise of Water in a Small Glass Tube ..............5-12
Figure 5-8
Figure 5-9
Emulsions.......................................................................................................................5-13
Surfactant Structure (Soap)............................................................................................5-13
Figure 5-10 Orientation of Surfactants at an Interface ......................................................................5-14
Figure 5-11 Dispersion of a Mineral Powder ....................................................................................5-14
Figure 5-12 Liquids on Solid Surfaces ..............................................................................................5-15
Figure 5-13 Oil Wetting ....................................................................................................................5-16
Figure 5-14
Figure 5-15
Hydrated Sodium and Chloride Ions..............................................................................5-19
Osmosis..........................................................................................................................5-20
Figure 5-16 Semi-Permeable Membranes .........................................................................................5-21
Figure 5-17
Soap Formation..............................................................................................................5-22
Figure 5-18 Oxidation of Fatty Acids during the Manufacture of Anionic Emulsifiers ...................5-23
Figure 5-19
General Polyamide Emulsifier Synthesis.......................................................................5-24
Figure 5-20 Macrostructure of Asphalt .............................................................................................5-25
Figure 5-21 Diagram of Costs vs. Mud Weight ................................................................................5-47
Figure 5-22 Flow Diagram for a Low to Unweighted Oil Mud ........................................................5-48
Figure 5-23
Flow Diagram for a Weighted Oil Mud.........................................................................5-49
Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids
Revised 2006
Reference Manual
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