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BAKER HUGHES - Drilling Fluids Reference Manual

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Chapter 2<br />

Table of Contents<br />

Formation Mechanics.............................................................................................................................2-1<br />

Clay and Clay Minerals .....................................................................................................................2-1<br />

Definitions / Terminology..............................................................................................................2-1<br />

Structure.........................................................................................................................................2-2<br />

Smectite......................................................................................................................................2-3<br />

Hydration Mechanics .....................................................................................................................2-4<br />

Other Clay Types ...........................................................................................................................2-4<br />

Illite............................................................................................................................................2-4<br />

Kaolinite.....................................................................................................................................2-5<br />

Chlorite ......................................................................................................................................2-5<br />

Attapulgite..................................................................................................................................2-6<br />

Mixed-Layer Clays ....................................................................................................................2-6<br />

Base Exchange...............................................................................................................................2-6<br />

States of Clays................................................................................................................................2-8<br />

Clay Identification .........................................................................................................................2-8<br />

Sandstone ...........................................................................................................................................2-9<br />

Composition and Characteristics ...................................................................................................2-9<br />

Porosity and Permeability ............................................................................................................2-10<br />

Compaction and Sedimentation ...................................................................................................2-10<br />

Carbonates........................................................................................................................................2-11<br />

Modern Carbonate Depositional Environments...........................................................................2-11<br />

Naming Carbonate Rock Types ...................................................................................................2-11<br />

Diagenesis of Carbonates.............................................................................................................2-12<br />

Lithification..............................................................................................................................2-12<br />

Dolomitization. ........................................................................................................................2-13<br />

Types of Pores in Carbonates.......................................................................................................2-13<br />

Permeability in Carbonates ..........................................................................................................2-13<br />

Reservoir Pressure ...........................................................................................................................2-14<br />

Formation Damage...........................................................................................................................2-14<br />

Permeability .................................................................................................................................2-14<br />

Causes and Remedies...................................................................................................................2-15<br />

Laboratory Studies .......................................................................................................................2-19<br />

Baker Hughes <strong>Drilling</strong> <strong>Fluids</strong><br />

Revised 2006<br />

<strong>Reference</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />

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