BAKER HUGHES - Drilling Fluids Reference Manual

Figure 3-7 The Sodium Chloride Structure .............................................................................3-11
Figure 3-8 Intermolecular Attractions in Water ......................................................................3-12
Figure 3-9
Hydration of Sodium Chloride in Water................................................................3-14
Figure 3-10 Invert Emulsion Water Droplets in a Continuous Oil Phase .................................3-16
Figure 3-11
Figure 3-12
Figure 3-13
Figure 3-14
Water Wetting of Clay Mineral Surfaces...............................................................3-17
Distribution of the CO 3 - HCO 3¯- CO 3
2¯ System in Pure Water and Seawater
at 1 atm. as a Function of pH .......................................................................3-20
Solubility of Calcium in a Solution Containing 4 lb/bbl Lime vs. Caustic
Soda Addition ........................................................................................................3-22
Pipettes and Burette Used in Chemical Analysis...................................................3-27
Figure 3-15 Fluid Loss and Viscosity with Bentonite Prehydration .........................................3-33
Figure 3-16
Figure 3-17 3-73
Figure 3-18
Figure 3-19
Inhibition Studies with Tertiary Clays...................................................................3-72
Cloud Point: Temperature at Which Water and Glycol Begin to Separate...........3-74
Cloud Points for Various Polyols in KCl Solutions...............................................3-75
Figure 3-20 Effect of Temperature on Yield Point at 10% AQUA-COL ...............................3-77
Figure 3-21
Figure 3-22
Figure 3-23
Relative Inhibition of Tertiary Clay in KCl Solutions...........................................3-84
Viscosity Increases with NEW-DRILL ® Additions...............................................3-85
Reinecke Salt Results...........................................................................................3-104
List of Tables
Table 3-1 Known Elements and Atomic Weights....................................................................3-4
Table 3-2 The Periodic Table...................................................................................................3-6
Table 3-3 Formula and Valency of Common Ions formed From Groups of Atoms................3-9
Table 3-4 Examples of Different Bond Types .......................................................................3-12
Table 3-5 Common polar groups in organic compounds .......................................................3-13
Table 3-6 Solubility of Salts...................................................................................................3-14
Table 3-7 The pH Scale..........................................................................................................3-19
Table 3-8 Equivalent Weights................................................................................................3-24
Table 3-9 Commonly Used Indicators ...................................................................................3-28
Table 3-10 Common Names, Chemical Nature and Formula of Materials..............................3-30
Table 3-11 Composition of a Typical Seawater Sample..........................................................3-33
Table 3-12 Typical Fluid Properties after Conversion and Before Weight-up ........................3-41
Table 3-13 Typical Fluid Properties after Conversion and Before Weight-up ........................3-45
Table 3-14 Classifications of Air / Water Drilling Fluids........................................................3-46
Reference Manual
Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids
ii Revised 2006