"Symbiosis or Death": - Rhodes University

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Before the immense mystery of the universe our optimism tends to be abused. How can one explain a world which appears too beautiful to be an accident and too hideous to be a design? – William Plomer iv
Contents Abstract ..............................................................................................................…. ii Contents ...............................................................................................................… v Acknowledgements .............................................................................................… vii Introduction ........................................................................................................… 1 Chapter One: Ecology, Literary Ecocriticism and Douglas Livingstone .......... 12 Ecology, towards a definition and an understanding of the concept ........… 13 A brief history of ecology .........................................................................… 19 Ecological literary criticism ......................................................................… 20 Ecopoetics .................................................................................................… 24 The role of the imagination .......................................................................… 30 Science and poetry ..................................................................................... 34 Douglas Livingstone as ecologist .............................................................. 35 Overview of the literature .......................................................................... 38 Chapter Two: Douglas Livingstone: His Life, Work and the Critical Response to his Earlier Work ................................................. 43 His life ........................................................................................................ 45 His work ..................................................................................................... 46 D.J. Livingstone's scientific work .............................................................. 47 Douglas Livingstone's poetry and the South African tradition .................. 50 Catching a curved ball: the misinterpretation of Livingstone's concerns ..... 57 An ecological overview of the critical response to Livingstone's earlier work……………………………………………………………….. 59 Chapter Three: An Ecocritical Examination of Douglas Livingstone's Earlier Work…………………………………………………… 74 A brief overview of the ecological in Livingstone's earlier work ................. 74 What is nature? ............................................................................................. 76 Livingstone's themes within the broader ecological framework .................. 81 1. Evolutionary theory ..................................................................................82 2. Humankind's ambivalent relationship with nature ................................... 87 Humankind as part of nature ............................................................. 87 Humankind as apart from nature ....................................................... 94 3. Ecological equilibrium ..............................................................................100 4. Ecological destruction .............................................................................. 110 v
Page 1 and 2: "Symbiosis or Death": An Ecocritica
Page 3: Swallow) and so obviate its certain
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements To Andrew Stevens
Page 9 and 10: ix Humankind’s abuse of nature an
Page 11 and 12: Introduction It was a Hogsback poet
Page 13 and 14: 3 USA and was the first to apply th
Page 15 and 16: 5 cilia, spirochaetes, mitochondria
Page 17 and 18: 7 Durban in 1964 to take up the pos
Page 19 and 20: 9 as the Earth. The poetry demands
Page 21 and 22: Perhaps in moments of - shall we sa
Page 23 and 24: 13 married? This chapter will explo
Page 25 and 26: 15 This is an idealistic position b
Page 27 and 28: 17 Here, the “planet” and “a
Page 29 and 30: value. Julia Martin repeatedly stre
Page 31 and 32: 21 The puzzle of ecology, then, is
Page 33 and 34: 23 historic social conflicts. Langu
Page 35 and 36: 25 ‘There remains,’ wrote Heide
Page 37 and 38: 27 discourse, but as a fundamental
Page 39 and 40: the contradictions of consciousness
Page 41 and 42: 31 Shelley refers to imagination an
Page 43 and 44: 33 The freedom of birds - Keats’
Page 45 and 46: 35 universe as mere mechanism” bu
Page 47 and 48: 37 My 1963 comically chivalrous res
Page 49 and 50: 39 research has followed two main p
Page 51 and 52: 41 is definitive, not only for its
Page 53 and 54: Chapter Two Douglas Livingstone: Hi
Page 55 and 56:
45 admired by poets of all poetical
Page 57 and 58:
47 in the publication of Sjambok an
Page 59 and 60:
49 conflict: “I don’t think any
Page 61 and 62:
51 long-term implications of this t
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53 urbanisation. He adds that in th
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55 be seen as a stylistic pastorali
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57 (173). Livingstone, too, speaks
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59 to find a closer identification
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61 notes the “universality” of
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63 The first chapter of Chapman’s
Page 75 and 76:
65 It should be mentioned, however,
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the stones, slaked battles, seas; t
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69 while I claim the undertone is a
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71 conjuring up a bizarre psycholog
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Yet the overriding relationship we
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75 The next collection, Sjambok and
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77 reflects the major variations of
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79 This new idea-system… I shall
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81 … we are the architects of our
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83 our anthropocentrism. This deepe
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The first sputnik blipped above me
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87 way of finding our sense of plac
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89 poem, indicates that overcoming
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91 constancy” where living things
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93 dissolves” (line 46). He is le
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95 / their daily crust on farm and
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97 lightning” (line 14). The fig
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99 life-forms. The poem ends on an
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101 nature. As demonstrated in the
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103 planting and regeneration. In
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105 inhabitants, also cleansed and
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107 The poem is divided into four p
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109 position. Wilson defines biophi
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111 humanity has no future place on
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113 omnipotent power is disastrous
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115 Because he suffers from, or is,
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We are an animal that needs to use
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119 his scientific work lies in the
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121 "metallic man" (line 6) who com
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123 It [A Littoral Zone] might with
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125 Livingstone” (1997). David Le
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127 and decreases the pressure on p
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129 suggests that much of Livingsto
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Chapter Five From Darwinism to Desp
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133 conundrum also plagues Livingst
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135 anything Livingstone has writte
Page 147 and 148:
137 The sestet explores the result
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139 [W]hile human survival may be c
Page 151 and 152:
141 The poem uses the coelacanth, a
Page 153 and 154:
143 examines evolution at cellular
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145 (Dennett 86) which “propel”
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147 reconnecting with the Earth and
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149 ignorant or arrogant to see thi
Page 161 and 162:
151 This densely layered poem explo
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153 is best to leave nature to do i
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155 this reverence is an even great
Page 167 and 168:
157 continuation of a species. The
Page 169 and 170:
159 The remnants of the San people
Page 171 and 172:
161 In the third stanza he sees the
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163 implication is that the San sha
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165 is his anger extended to humank
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167 “Carnivores” and social des
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Chapter Six “Seeking life, seekin
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171 symbolise cosmic evil, but rath
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173 The snake here symbolises self-
Page 185 and 186:
175 of Looking at a Black Snake”
Page 187 and 188:
177 The dead snake lies on the beac
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[A] constant image is that of the c
Page 191 and 192:
181 with a duiker doe - the visitor
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183 life force (signified by the su
Page 195 and 196:
185 This poem describes the first s
Page 197 and 198:
187 The poem works with the idea of
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189 itself and so managed to captur
Page 201 and 202:
191 The title of the poem alludes t
Page 203 and 204:
193 resolve humankind’s psychomac
Page 205 and 206:
195 The above ‘conventional’ lo
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197 opera, Lohengrin so that the po
Page 209 and 210:
199 redolent of the happier moments
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I conclude this chapter with an exa
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203 perceived by my senses, but not
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205 resolution through atonement, w
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207 they “meld / in manic songs o
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209 A brief review will be useful.
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211 appears as thanatos” (207). T
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Conclusion The coming together of t
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“An appraisal of sewage pollution
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Appendix B continued 217
Page 229 and 230:
Primary Texts Bibliography Livingst
Page 231 and 232:
Clouts, Sidney. "The Violent Arcadi
Page 233 and 234:
Hillman, James. Dream Animals. San
Page 235 and 236:
One’s Reality: A study of the wor
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"Symbiosis or Death": - Rhodes University

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