CLINICAL LAB SCIENEC

418
ESSENTIALS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
Table 17-1 Reactions of ABO Groups with Anti-A and Anti-B Sera.
Reactions of Cells With:
Blood Group Anti-A Anti-B
A + 0
B 0 +
AB + +
O 0 0
+ = agglutination
0 = no agglutination
obtained from commercial blood banks, are the repeat grouping and typing of
the cells before storing in the specialized blood bank refrigerator. The temperature
must be monitored in the refrigerator, and if the unit malfunctions or is
without power, the units of blood must immediately be transferred to other storage
or the entire inventory will be lost. Blood that has expired may be separated
into certain components and some blood products may be used indefinitely.
A typical blood bank as found in most hospitals chiefly provides a service to
determine if a blood donation is compatible with the recipient’s immune system
(Table 17-1). This procedure, which is actually a combination of several tests, is
called a cross match. A patient is screened by the medical laboratory worker for
atypical antibodies as well as for his blood group (ABO) and his blood type (major
type is the Rh factor). The identification of ABO blood group and type needed for
blood transfusion is also an important component of determining the compatibility
of a tissue transplant (Figure 17-1). The RBCs from the donor are tested at
room temperature and at body temperature to determine if the recipient (patient)
has any antibodies against the cells of the donor. Transfusion of a unit of blood
that is incompatible with the donor’s immune system makeup would cause problems
and might even result in death. As a rare complication, the recipient may have
antibodies toward his or her own antigens. The antibodies may either be warm
(positive when incubated) or cold (react at room temperature). These autoantibodies
do not occur normally and may be an indication of the presence of autoimmune
hemolytic anemia.
ABO Group of
Donor Organ
A
O B AB
Compatible
Recipient
O A B AB A AB B AB AB
FIGURE 17-1 ABO chart for determining compatibility of tissue in organ transplant.
Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning.
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