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456 AMARYLLIDACEAE/NARCISSUS AA genus of ca. 26 species (Straley & Utech 2002d). A number of species (and their hybrids) of this Old World (Europe to n Africa and w Asia) genus are cultivated for their early spring flowers, and they are among the most popular garden plants (Huxley et al. 1992). The genus is difficult taxonomically because of the ease of hybridization (Hanks 2002) and the presence of numerous aneuploids and polyploids (Meerow & Snijman 1998). Several of the most frequently cultivated species and their hybrids, which long persist around old homesites or escape, are treated here. In the cut-flower trade, cultivars with long coronas are traditionally called DAFFO- DILS, while those with short coronas are referred to as NARCISSUSES (Burrows & Tyrl 2001). � The leaves and bulbs have been known to cause toxic symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, dizziness) or even death in humans, and even small amounts cause vomiting; livestock have also been poisoned when Narcissus bulbs were used as emergency food; toxins include a number of alkaloids (e.g., narcissine, lycorine) and possibly a glycoside. The bulbs and leaves can cause dermatitis in susceptible individuals. Raphides (= bundles of microscopic, needle-like calcium oxalate crystals) are also present in the bulbs and can cause mechanical injury to the mouth, throat, or hands by puncturing cell membranes (Kingsbury 1964; Schmutz & Hamilton 1979; Spoerke & Smolinske 1990; Turner & Szczawinski 1991; Foster & Caras 1994; Bruneton 1999; Burrows & Tyrl 2001; Julian & Bowers 2002). Narcissus oil (probably from N. poeticus) was used by the Greek Hippocrates as early as the 4 th century B.C. for treating tumors, a use that was subsequently repeated in many cultures (Pettit et al. 1993). Interestingly, compounds (e.g., the alkaloid pancratistatin) from other members of the Amaryllidaceae are now showing promise as anticancer agents (Pettit et al. 1993, 1995). (Greek plant name derived from narke, numbness or torpor, from its narcotic properties; in Greek mythology the youth Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection in a pool and was turned into this plant by the gods.) REFERENCES: Jefferson-Brown 1951; Meyer 1966; Brandham & Kirton 1987; Blanchard 1990; Hanks 2002; Straley & Utech 2002d. 1. Corona nearly as long as or slightly longer than lobes of perianth; perianth tube (below attachment of perianth lobes) broadly conical, about as long as lobes; flower 1 per flowering stalk ________________________________________________________________________ N. pseudonarcissus 1. Corona ca. 3/4 as long as lobes of perianth or shorter (often much shorter); perianth tube nearly cylindrical, slightly to much shorter than lobes; flowers 1–15(–20) per flowering stalk. 2. Corona ca. 1/2–3/4 as long as perianth lobes; flowers usually yellow (but the corona can be a deeper yellow), 1-4 per flowering stalk. 3. Leaves thick (subterete), grooved; flowers (1–)2–4 per flowering stalk, fragrant, usually uniformly bright yellow __________________________________________________________ N. �odorus 3. Leaves flat; flower 1 per flowering stalk, not fragrant, with the perianth lobes pale yellow and the corona orange-yellow ___________________________________________ N. �incomparabilis 2. Corona 1/3 as long as perianth lobes or less; flowers white to yellow (but corona can be differently colored), 1–15(–20) per flowering stalk. 4. Leaves thick, terete (= cylindrical) or nearly so and grooved on upper surfaces, green, 2–4 mm wide; flowers � uniformly golden yellow ______________________________________ N. jonquilla 4. Leaves flat or nearly so, mostly � glaucous, 6–15(–20) mm wide; flowers EITHER with the perianth lobes conspicuously differently colored than the corona OR the perianth entirely white. 5. Perianth entirely white; flowers (2–)5–15(–20) per flowering stalk _________________ N. papyraceus 5. Perianth lobes conspicuously differently colored than the corona; flowers 1–8(–15) per flowering stalk. 6. Perianth lobes white; corona yellow with red rim; flowers usually 1 per flowering stalk ______________________________________________________________________ N. poeticus 6. Perianth lobes white to cream; corona yellow to deep yellow, without red rim; flowers 2–8(–15) per flowering stalk __________________________________________ N. tazetta
Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucojum aestivum [GLE] Lycoris radiata [SIN] ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 457 Hymenocallis occidentalis var. eulae [HEB] Hymenocallis occidentalis var. occidentalis [NOV] Narcissus �incomparabilis [G&F]
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
Page 97 and 98: CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
Page 99 and 100: AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
Page 101 and 102: HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
Page 103 and 104: Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
Page 105 and 106: YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
Page 107 and 108: 7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
Page 109 and 110: Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
Page 111 and 112: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 419
Page 113 and 114: Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
Page 115 and 116: ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
Page 117 and 118: Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
Page 119 and 120: SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
Page 121 and 122: Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
Page 123 and 124: Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
Page 125 and 126: ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
Page 127 and 128: ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
Page 129 and 130: STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
Page 131 and 132: CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
Page 133 and 134: var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
Page 135 and 136: AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
Page 137 and 138: COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
Page 139 and 140: BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
Page 141 and 142: HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
Page 143 and 144: CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
Page 147: LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
Page 151 and 152: Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
Page 153 and 154: ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
Page 155 and 156: ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
Page 157 and 158: ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
Page 161 and 162: ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
Page 163 and 164: Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
Page 165 and 166: ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
Page 167 and 168: ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
Page 169 and 170: BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
Page 171 and 172: Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
Page 173 and 174: APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
Page 175 and 176: S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
Page 177 and 178: UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
Page 179 and 180: ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
Page 181 and 182: CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
Page 183 and 184: COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
Page 185 and 186: SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
Page 187 and 188: TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
Page 189 and 190: FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
Page 195 and 196: Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
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Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
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SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
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SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
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Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
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SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
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STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
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Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
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Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
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TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
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Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
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TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
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UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
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Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
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VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
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Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
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Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
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POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
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POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
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SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
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SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
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THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
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TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
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XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
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XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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