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382 THELYPTERIDACEAE/MACROTHELYPTERIS World (Thomas & Room 1986; Moran 1992, 2004; Wood et al. 2001; R. Helton, pers. comm.; H. Elder, pers. comm.). � I THELYPTERIDACEAE Pic. Serm. MARSH FERN OR MAIDEN FERN FAMILY East TX species terrestrial; stems (rhizomes) short- or long-creeping; leaves usually monomorphic or nearly so (somewhat dimorphic in Thelypteris dentata); leaf blades 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, or 2–3-pinnatifid near base, less divided distally, usually with an indument (sometimes sparse) of transparent needle-like hairs abaxially, the ultimate segments (= smallest subdivisions) often, but not always, entire; sori usually round, abaxial on the blade surfaces (usually on veins), medial to submarginal; indusia round to kidney-shaped or obscure or absent. AA medium-sized (4–6 genera and ca. 900–1000 species—Mabberley 1997; Nauman et al. 2000) family of terrestrial ferns. While the group is subcosmopolitan, most members are tropical. There has been disagreement on the number of genera, with the number having ranged from 1 to ca. 30 depending on circumscription (Smith 1993a). While members of the family have traditionally been associated with Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) (e.g., Correll 1956), there is no close relationship (Smith 1993a); the similarities are apparently due to convergent evolution. FAMILY RECOGNITION IN THE FIELD: sori usually on veins (but not marginal) on lower leaf surfaces; leaves usually all alike, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, or 2–3 pinnatifid, the lower surfaces with transparent needle-like hairs (distinguishing this family from Dryopteridaceae, which lack such hairs), the ultimate leaf segments often (but not always) entire. References: Smith 1990, 1993a. 1. Rachis conspicuously and irregularly winged between pinnae (wing tissue extended as obvious lobes in some places); leaf blades � triangular in outline, ca. as wide as long, usually 7–25(–30) cm long; indusia absent ___________________________________________________________ Phegopteris 1. Rachis not winged; leaf blades much longer than wide, often � 30 cm long; indusia present, often conspicuous with a hand lens (but in Macrothelypteris they can be small or obscured in mature sori). 2. Midveins of pinnae (= costae) grooved on upper (= adaxial) surface; leaf blades 1-pinnatepinnatifid; veins of ultimate leaf segments reaching segment margins; indusia usually obvious with a hand lens ____________________________________________________________ Thelypteris 2. Midveins of pinnae not grooved on upper surface; leaf blades mostly 2-pinnate-pinnatifid; veins of ultimate leaf segments not reaching segment margins; indusia small (� 0.3 mm in diam.) or obscure _________________________________________________________ Macrothelypteris MACROTHELYPTERIS (H. Ito) Ching FALSE MAIDEN FERN AA genus of ca. 10 species of tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and Australia (Smith 1993a). It has frequently been included in a more broadly circumscribed Thelypteris (e.g., Correll & Johnston 1970; Lellinger 1985; Hatch et al. 1990), but most recent authors treat it at the generic level (e.g., Smith 1993a; Peck & Taylor 1995; Kartesz 1999; Nauman et al. 2000). (Greek: macro, large, thelys, female, and pteris, fern) REFERENCES: Holttum 1969; Leonard 1972. Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching, (for Luis de Torres of the Marianas Islands, governor of Guam in 1820), TORRES’ FERN, MARIANA MAIDEN FERN, FALSE MAIDEN FERN. Stems (rhizomes) short-creeping; leaves monomorphic, evergreen; leaf blades mostly 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, broadest at base, much longer than wide, to ca. 85 cm long; veins of ultimate leaf segments
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 383 Pellaea wrightiana [LUN] Pteris multifida [TAY] Salvinia minima [FNA] Salvinia molesta [MRA] Macrothelypteris torresiana [TAY] Phegopteris hexagonoptera [LUN]
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
Page 23 and 24: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
Page 25 and 26: Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
Page 27 and 28: leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
Page 29 and 30: ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
Page 31 and 32: WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
Page 33 and 34: MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
Page 35 and 36: DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
Page 37 and 38: Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
Page 39 and 40: DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
Page 43 and 44: WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
Page 45 and 46: MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
Page 49 and 50: BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
Page 51 and 52: Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
Page 53 and 54: OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
Page 57 and 58: PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
Page 61 and 62: Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
Page 63 and 64: CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
Page 65 and 66: Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
Page 67 and 68: Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
Page 69 and 70: Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
Page 71 and 72: SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
Page 73: SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
Page 77 and 78: Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
Page 79 and 80: Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
Page 81 and 82: GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
Page 83 and 84: DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
Page 85 and 86: JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
Page 87 and 88: Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
Page 89 and 90: PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
Page 91 and 92: � � � � � � Pinus echin
Page 93 and 94: Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
Page 95 and 96: MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
Page 97 and 98: CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
Page 99 and 100: AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
Page 101 and 102: HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
Page 103 and 104: Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
Page 105 and 106: YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
Page 107 and 108: 7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
Page 109 and 110: Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
Page 113 and 114: Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
Page 115 and 116: ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
Page 117 and 118: Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
Page 119 and 120: SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
Page 121 and 122: Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
Page 123 and 124: Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 453
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
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Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
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SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
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SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
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Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770:
Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772:
Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
Page 783 and 784:
UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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keys to the vascular plants of east texas - Botanical Research ...

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