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692 IRIDACEAE/IRIS sepals” and “with I. giganticaerulea to produce I. �vinicolor Small” According to Caillet et al. (2000), hybridization, primarily between I. fulva and I. giganticaerulea Small, has resulted in the evolution of the stable hybrid I. �nelsonii Randolph, known only from LA. Alternatively, Arnold (1993) suggested that reticulate evolution (= “hybridization between divergent lineages”) involving I. fulva, I. hexagona [actually I. giganticaerulea?], and I. brevicaulis was involved in the origin of I. �nelsonii. These are examples of the extensive influence of hybridization in the genus. The Sabine Co. collection by Singhurst appears to be the only documented report of I. fulva from TX (Singhurst et al. 2002b). Although not officially recognized as such (e.g., TOES 1993; Carr 2002d; Poole et al. 2002), since this species is confirmed from only one county in the state, we consider it to be of conservation concern in TX. � m/290 Iris germanica L., (German), GARDEN IRIS, GERMAN IRIS, BLUE FLAG. Stems longer than the leaves, 40–100(–120) cm long; perianth bluish violet to white or variously colored in a diversity of cultivated forms; sepals 40–60 mm wide; petals 45–60 mm wide; sepal beard usually white, yellow, or brownish; fruits 3-angled. This is the commonly cultivated Iris widely planted in TX; it persists indefinitely (e.g., at homesite in Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge abandoned for more than 50 years) and escapes widely; Grayson, Marion, Morris (BRIT), and Dallas (Ed McWilliams, pers. comm.) cos.; s Canada and widespread in the e U.S. w to MN, KS, and TX, also CA, UT, and WY. Spring. This species is not known in nature, but it is possibly of hybrid origin; some researchers suggest European ancestors (Henderson 1992, 2002). Iris germanica is the most widely cultivated species in the genus, and an incredible variety of colors or color combinations is known. This species is reported to be toxic (Lampe & McCann 1985). Numerous other species have been hybridized with I. germanica (including tetraploids)—the name I. �conglomerata N.C. Hend. has been proposed for these hybrids. � I Iris pallida Lam., (pale), BLUE FLAG, ORRIS, DALMATIAN IRIS, SWEET IRIS. Stems longer than the leaves, 40–100(–120) cm long; perianth lilac to violet or blue-violet; sepals 30–50 mm wide; petals 30–50 mm wide; sepal beard conspicuous, usually yellow. Cultivated and escaping; Dallas Co. (BRIT); also Tarrant Co. (R. O’Kennon, pers. obs.) to the w of East TX; se Canada (Ont.), AR, CA, GA, IN, LA, MO, TN, and TX. Apr–May. Native of Europe. I Iris pseudacorus L., (false sweet-flag), YELLOW FLAG, YELLOW IRIS, PALE-YELLOW IRIS, YELLOW WATER IRIS. Stems 70–150 cm tall; perianth yellow; sepals 20–30(–40) mm wide; petals much shorter and narrower than sepals, 4–8 mm wide; fruits 3-angled. Commonly cultivated and escaping, in ponds and lake margins; Polk (BAYLU), Montgomery (ASTC), Gonzales, and Hardin (Turner et al. 2003) cos.; sparsely scattered in e 1/2 of TX; widespread in much of Canada and the U.S. Apr–May. Native to Europe and n Africa. This species is reported to be toxic (Lampe & McCann 1985). It is considered to be a state noxious weed in UT (Kartesz 1999). � � I m/290 Iris virginica L., (of Virginia), VIRGINIA IRIS, SOUTHERN BLUE FLAG, BLUE FLAG. Stems nearly as long as or longer than the basal leaves, 50–100 cm long; sepals to 40 mm wide, pale blue to lavender-blue or purple, with darker blue or purple lines, with claw green or yellow-green medially, bordered by yellow with blue or purple lines, the yellow extending onto base of limb; petals colored similarly to main part of the sepals, 10–30 mm wide; fruits usually 3-angled. Lowlands; widespread in the Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah; also n Gulf Prairies and Marshes; se Canada (Ont. and Que.) and much of the e U.S. w to MN and TX. Mar–May. [I. shrevei Small, I. versicolor L. var. shrevei (Small) Boivin, I. virginica var. shrevei (Small) E.S. Anderson] While TX plants of this species have sometimes been recognized as var. shrevei (e.g., Hatch et al. 1990), we are following Henderson (2002), who studied the species throughout its entire range, in not formally recognizing varieties. However, Henderson (2002) noted that, “Plants of Iris virginica from the southeastern and south-central states having stems 2–3-branched and seldom falling to the ground after flowering, and with capsules long-cylindric have been recognized as var. shrevei” (Henderson 2002). m/290
Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 693 Gladiolus communis [EN2] Gladiolus italicus [ROL] Herbertia lahue [DOR, SM1] FALL Iris �flexicaulis [HEB] Iris germanica [NIC, YAT] Iris pallida [NIC] Iris fulva [YAT]
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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Page 333 and 334: SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Page 339 and 340: Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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Page 349 and 350: ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
Page 351 and 352: ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
Page 353 and 354: � Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
Page 355 and 356: HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
Page 357 and 358: Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
Page 359 and 360: � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
Page 361 and 362: SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
Page 363 and 364: HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
Page 365 and 366: HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
Page 369 and 370: OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
Page 373 and 374: � Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
Page 375 and 376: IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
Page 377 and 378: BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
Page 383: IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
Page 389 and 390: SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
Page 393 and 394: Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
Page 395 and 396: JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
Page 397 and 398: JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
Page 401 and 402: Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
Page 403 and 404: Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
Page 407 and 408: Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
Page 409 and 410: var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
Page 413 and 414: LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
Page 415 and 416: SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
Page 417 and 418: NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
Page 421 and 422: LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
Page 423 and 424: ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
Page 425 and 426: Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
Page 427 and 428: LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
Page 429 and 430: THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
Page 431 and 432: MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
Page 433 and 434: Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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Page 737 and 738:
SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
Page 739 and 740:
SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
Page 741 and 742:
Page 743 and 744:
Page 745 and 746:
SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
Page 747 and 748:
SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
Page 749 and 750:
Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
Page 757 and 758:
SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
Page 759 and 760:
Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770:
Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772:
Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
Page 783 and 784:
UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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