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1124 SMILACACEAE/SMILAX Smilax smallii Morong, (for its discoverer, John Kunkel Small, 1869–1938, botanist at New York Botanical Garden and author of numerous works, including Manual of the Southeastern Flora), SMALL’S GREENBRIER, CORAL GREENBRIER, JACKSONBRIER, BAMBOOVINE, JACKSONVINE, THORNLESS SMILAX, LANCE-LEAF GREENBRIER, SOUTHERN SMILAX. Often very high climbing, very robust plant; large, thick, tuberous rhizomes present (to 30 kg in weight and 1.8 m in length) (White 1998; W. Holmes, pers. comm.), with the texture of a very hard apple (Coker 1944), but long slender rhizomes absent; stems thick, to 20(–27) mm in diam., armed with scattered prickles below but mostly without prickles above, the prickles flattened, recurved, 3–4 mm long; leaves evergreen, the blades thin-coriaceous, to 6.6 cm long, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, usually 2 times as long as wide or longer, with 5(–7) main veins, cuneate basally, bright green on upper surface, often glaucous below on younger branches, sometimes mottled, the margins smooth, not thickened; peduncles ca. 4–10(–23) mm long, usually ca. as long as petiole of the subtending leaf; fruits dull red to reddish brown, globose to subglobose, ca. 6 mm in diam. Along creeks, woodlands; Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah w to Milam (BRIT), Falls, Kaufman (BAYLU), and Bastrop (Turner et al. 2003) cos., also a Reverchon collection from Dallas (BRIT); also n Gulf Prairies and Marshes; se U.S. from DE s to FL w to OK and TX. May–Jun. [S. lanceolata L.] This species can be confused with another very robust, very high climbing species, S. laurifolia, but can be distinguished by its less coriaceous leaves with 5–7 main veins and the � reddish fruits. Material of this evergreen is sometimes used for winter decoration, and the species is also used as an ornamental vine (Coker 1944). Vines (1960) reported that “The large tubers were ground into a flour and made into bread or a cooling drink by the Indians and early settlers.” This species is also apparently the source of “red coontie,” a jelly prepared by Native Americans of the southeastern United States (Coker 1944). In addition, the “succulent, immature stems were used for food by Native Americans and early settlers” (Holmes 2002c). Holmes (2002c) noted that this is the highest-climbing species of Smilax in North America, reaching 10+ m in height. Initially, the tuberous rhizomes are � linear, but when the above ground stem reaches a diam. of ca. 0.7 cm, the plant becomes sexual and the rhizomes branch. Further, there is a correlation between above ground stem diam. and the mass of the rhizome (White 1998; W. Holmes, pers. comm.). Smilax tamnoides L., (resembling Tamnus, a genus in the Dioscoreaceae), CHINAROOT, HELLFETTER, BRISTLE GREENBRIER, DEVIL GREENBRIER, HAGBRIER, WILD SARSAPARILLA. Plant usually high-climbing; short, knotty, non-prickly rhizomes present but without either long slender rhizomes or tuberous rhizomes; lower stems with relatively weak, somewhat bristle-like, usually dark, � blackish prickles ca. 3–10 mm long (this character is unique among the East TX species); leaves semi-deciduous to � persistent; leaf blades of flowering branches to 13 cm long, ovate or rounded in outline, the sides � curved outward, almost never indented, green on both sides, the base rounded to cordate, the margins not thickened but obscurely minutely serrulate in basal half; peduncles 15–65 mm long, much longer than subtending petioles; fruits black, globose to ovoid, 6–10 mm long. Stream bottom woods, sandy or less often silty clay soils; widespread in e 1/2 of TX; se Canada (Ont.) and e U.S. from NY s to FL w to SD and TX. Apr–May. [S. hispida Muhl. ex Torr.] This is one of the most abundant GREENBRIERS in much of East TX. Smilax walteri Pursh, (“for Thomas Walter (?)1740–1789” [who first found the species]—Fernald 1950), RED-BEAD GREENBRIER, WALTER’S GREENBRIER, CORAL GREENBRIER, RED-BERRIED BAMBOO, SARSAPARILLA. Plant climbing and clambering; long, slender, non-prickly, rhizomes present but tuberous rhizomes absent; stems slender, with prickles on lower half, the prickles mostly � awl-shaped; leaves � deciduous; tendrils numerous; leaf blades firm-membranous, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, rather uniform in shape, usually 6–12 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, the base rounded, drying a distinctive light orange tinged with brown; petioles often reddish; peduncles 5–20 mm long, usually shorter than the subtending petioles; fruits bright red to orange, globose or ovoid, 7–9 mm long. Wet habitats such as sandy stream, pond, or swamp margins, sometimes actually in water; Hardin, Nacogdoches (BRIT), Newton (BAYLU), Angelina, Jasper, and Orange
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 1125 Potamogeton pusillus subsp. pusillus Stuckenia pectinata Ruppia cirrhosa Smilax bona-nox Smilax glauca Smilax lasioneura Smilax laurifolia Smilax pumila Smilax rotundifolia Smilax smallii Smilax tamnoides Smilax walteri
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
Page 707 and 708:
Page 709 and 710:
Page 711 and 712:
PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
Page 713 and 714:
Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
Page 719 and 720:
Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 721 and 722:
PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
Page 723 and 724:
Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
Page 725 and 726:
Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
Page 727 and 728:
POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
Page 729 and 730:
POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
Page 739 and 740:
SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
Page 741 and 742:
Page 743 and 744:
Page 745 and 746:
SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
Page 747 and 748:
SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
Page 749 and 750:
Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
Page 757 and 758:
SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
Page 759 and 760:
Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
Page 765 and 766: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 107
Page 767 and 768: STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770: Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772: Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774: TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776: Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
Page 781 and 782: TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
Page 783 and 784: UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 787 and 788: Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790: VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 795 and 796: ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 799 and 800: EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802: Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804: POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806: POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
Page 811 and 812: SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814: SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815: Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 819 and 820: THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822: Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824: TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826: TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828: Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830: TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832: XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834: XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836: Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838: Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840: Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842: Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843: Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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keys to the vascular plants of east texas - Botanical Research ...

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