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1012 POACEAE/PASPALUM Paspalum bifidum (Bertol.) Nash, (divided into two parts), PITCHFORK PASPALUM, PITCHFORK CROWN GRASS. Perennial with short rhizomes; rhizomes with ovate, overlapping, densely hairy scales; culms 60–140 cm tall; ligule ca. 2–4 mm long; leaf sheaths (at least lower ones) with dense long pubescence; inflorescence branches 2–5, 4–13 cm long, the branch axes � unwinged; spikelets (3.1–)3.3–4 mm long, mostly paired, widely spaced on the inflorescence branches, the pairs not overlapping or only slightly so; lower glume often present, reduced; upper glume and lemma of sterile floret glabrous. Forest margins and openings, loamy sandy or sandy soils; scattered from Pineywoods and n Gulf Prairies and Marshes w to Dallas and Limestone (BRIT) cos.; se U.S. from VA s to FL w to MO, OK, and TX (Jun–)Aug–Nov. [P. bifidum var. projectum Fernald] Allen and Hall (2003) reported that this species grows vigorously following fire. Paspalum boscianum Flüggé, (for its discoverer, Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, 1759–1828, French naturalist), BULL PASPALUM. Tufted annual; culms (15–)40–70(–100) cm tall; ligule 1–3.2 mm long; inflorescence branches typically 4–12(–15), usually 3–8 cm long, the branch axes winged; spikelets paired, typically in 4 rows, usually 2–2.2 mm long; lower glume absent; upper glume and lemma of sterile floret glabrous. Ditches, edges of fields, disturbed areas; Jefferson Co. (Gould 1975b) near the s margin of the Pineywoods; also reported from the Gulf Prairies and Marshes (Gould 1975b; Hatch 2002), but we have seen no confirming specimens; its status in TX is unclear; se U.S. from MD s to FL w to AR and TX, also PA. Late summer–fall. While not officially designated as such (e.g., TOES 1993; Carr 2002d; Poole et al. 2002), given its limited distribution in the state, we consider this species to be of conservation concern in TX. � Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (jointed in pairs, wedded), SOUR PASPALUM, SOUR CROWN GRASS. Stoloniferous perennial; culms to ca. 80 cm tall; ligule 0.5–0.8 mm long; inflorescence branches usually 2, a third sometimes present, 2.5 to ca. 13 cm long, the branch axes � unwinged; spikelets solitary, 1.3–1.7(–1.9) mm long; lower glume absent; upper glume and lemma of sterile floret marginally pilose. Disturbed areas, forest margins; Liberty Co. (Brown 28310, SBSC—identification confirmed L. Brown); a cultivated Hardin Co. collection—McLeod, TAES—was erroneously cited by Turner et al. 2003 and apparently by Allen and Hall (2003); the Digital Flora of Texas Herbarium Specimen Browser (2002) also cited Cameron Co. at the s tip of TX, and Hatch et al. (1990) cited the Gulf Prairies and Marshes; se U.S. from FL w to TX. Jul–Nov. Allen and Hall (2003) noted that the species is sometimes used as a lawn grass. While not officially designated as such (e.g., TOES 1993; Carr 2002d; Poole et al. 2002), given its limited distribution in the state, we consider this species to be of conservation concern in TX. � Paspalum convexum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Flüggé, (domed, with rounded surface), MEXICAN PASPALUM, LATIN AMERICAN CROWN GRASS. Tufted annual; culms 10–53 cm tall; ligule 2–4.1 mm long; inflorescence branches 1–4(–5), (2–)3–4(–7) cm long, the branch axes flattened but unwinged or nearly so; spikelets paired, often appearing to be in 3 or 4 rows, usually (2.1–)2.3– 2.6(–3) mm long; lower glume absent; upper glume and lemma of sterile floret minutely appressed-pubescent. Sandy roadsides, disturbed areas; Jasper Co. (Silveus 7384, TAES); Gould (1975b) indicated that the species was “known in Texas from a single collection made on a sandy roadside site 10 miles north of the city of Jasper in Jasper Co.” We have seen no additional TX specimens; LA, MS, and TX. Late summer–fall. Native from Mexico and the Caribbean islands to Brazil (Hall & Allen 2003). I Paspalum dilatatum Poir., (dilated, widened, expanded), DALLIS GRASS, PASPALUM GRASS, WATER PASPALUM, GOLDEN CROWN GRASS. Clump-forming perennial from hardened knotty base; culms low-spreading to erect, 25–120(–175) cm long; lower leaf sheaths pilose, the upper glabrous except at summit; ligule 1.5–3(–3.8) mm long; inflorescence branches 2–8, 3–12 cm long, the branch axes only slightly winged; spikelets mostly paired, appearing in 4 rows, (2.3–)2.9–4 mm long, with long hairs around the margin, usually with short pubescence on the faces; lower glume absent; upper glume and lemma of sterile floret abruptly pointed beyond the blunt fruit.
Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acuminatum [HI1] Pappophorum bicolor [GO1] ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 1013 Parapholis incurva [HI1] Paspalidium geminatum [HI1] Paspalum almum [HI1] Paspalum bifidum [USB] Paspalum boscianum [USB]
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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Page 653 and 654: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
Page 655 and 656: KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
Page 657 and 658: Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
Page 659 and 660: LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
Page 661 and 662: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
Page 663 and 664: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
Page 665 and 666: LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
Page 667 and 668: Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
Page 669 and 670: MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
Page 671 and 672: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
Page 673 and 674: Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
Page 675 and 676: MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
Page 677 and 678: MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
Page 679 and 680: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
Page 681 and 682: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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Page 685 and 686: PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
Page 687 and 688: PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
Page 689 and 690: Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
Page 691 and 692: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
Page 693 and 694: PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
Page 695 and 696: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 100
Page 699 and 700: Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
Page 701 and 702: PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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Page 717 and 718: PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
Page 719 and 720: Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 721 and 722: PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
Page 723 and 724: Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
Page 725 and 726: Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
Page 727 and 728: POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
Page 729 and 730: POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
Page 737 and 738: SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
Page 739 and 740: SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
Page 745 and 746: SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
Page 747 and 748: SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
Page 749 and 750: Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
Page 755 and 756:
SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
Page 757 and 758:
SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
Page 759 and 760:
Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770:
Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772:
Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
Page 783 and 784:
UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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keys to the vascular plants of east texas - Botanical Research ...

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