keys to the vascular plants of east texas - Botanical Research ...

CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE
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5–25 flowers; lip 6–12 mm long, split in the distal 1/3–3/4 into two
filamentous lobes (and thus appearing distinctly 2-pronged) __________ Listera
18. Leaves 5(–6 or 10) in a single whorl; inflorescence a solitary flower
(rarely 2); lip 15–25 mm long, apically 3-lobed ______________________ Isotria
17. Leaves alternate, not at apex of stem.
19. Lip hinged, the protruding portion (= epichile) extremely mobile
if touched or disturbed by wind; stems with 6–12 leaves below
inflorescence; leaves large, 6–22 cm long, 2–7 cm wide, not at all
grass-like; flowers greenish to brownish, yellowish, or pinkish, with
purplish or reddish markings _________________________________ Epipactis
19. Lip neither hinged nor mobile; stems with 1–6(–8) leaves below
inflorescence; leaves large OR small, sometimes grass-like; flowers
variously white to ivory, cream, pink, or green, sometimes with
green or yellow markings.
20. Inflorescence a raceme of usually 1–6 (often 3) flowers, these
alternating, neither in spirals nor ranks nor the inflorescence
1-sided; flowers white to pink, the lip with 3 parallel, bright
green, papillose crests or lamellae __________________________ Triphora
20. Inflorescence a spike of usually numerous flowers, these not
alternating, rather in spirals or ranks or the inflorescence 1sided;
flowers variously white to ivory, cream, or green, sometimes
with green or yellow markings, but the lip without 3
parallel, bright green, papillose crests or lamellae ____________ Spiranthes
CALOPOGON R. Br. GRASS-PINK, SWAMP-PINK
Erect, scapose herbs from corms; leaf 1(–3), grass-like, sheathing the stem near base; inflorescence
a racemose spike with (1–)2–25 flowers; flower buds waxy; flowers showy, pink to rosepink
or rose-purple or rarely white, not resupinate (= the lip therefore the uppermost of the petals);
lip � fish tail-shaped, bearded with numerous pink or white, clavellate hairs with yellow
tips; column slender, curved, terminally dilated, persistent; pollinia 4; capsules erect.
AAn e North American and West Indian genus of 5 species (1 described in 1995) (Goldman et
al. 2002a, 2004); sometimes cultivated as ornamentals. The genus is apparently related to
Arethusa (Goldman et al. 2001). According to Yatskievych (1999), the flowers are “pollinated by
bees, which are apparently deceived by the beard of hairs … that resembles anthers. The hinged
lip, which is at the top of the flower, flexes downward when a bee lands on it, forcing the insect
to pollinate the flower during its escape.” The deceived bee receives no nutritional reward in return
for pollinating the flower (Liggio & Liggio 1999), which is apparently mimicking in appearance
flowers that do provide a reward (Luer 1975). According to Luer (1975), “They commonly
grow in company with other flowers with pink petals and yellow stamens (Geranium
maculatum and species of Rhexia, Rosa, and Sabatia), which provide nectar and pollen for
food.” This is an example of “naivete exploitation” in which inexperienced bees are tricked into
providing pollination services without receiving a reward (Gregg 1989); it is also referred to as
deceit pollination (e.g., Goldman et al. 2002a). (Greek: kalos, beautiful, and pogon, beard, from
the colorful tuft of hairs on the lip which is characteristic of the genus)
REFERENCES: Thien 1973; Magrath 1989; Goldman 1995, 1998a, 2000; Goldman et al. 2001, 2002a,
2004; Lehmberg 2002; Trapnell et al. 2004.
1. Flowers all opening nearly simultaneously, fragrant; flower buds grooved longitudinally; corm
elongate, forked; leaf nearly as long as or longer than inflorescence ____________________ C. oklahomensis
1. Flowers opening in slow succession up the raceme over a prolonged period OR (in C. barbatus