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986 POACEAE/NASSELLA usually in partial shade; Grayson (BRIT) and Dallas (TAES, Mahler 1988) cos. and reported for Pineywoods by Gould (1975b), Hatch et al. (1990), and Hatch (2002), also two East TX localities were mapped (without specific county) by Pohl (1969); also Brown and Hamilton (HPC) cos. in s Cross Timbers and Prairies, Hemphill Co. (Correll & Johnston 1970) in the Panhandle, and reported for Edwards Plateau (Hatch et al. 1990); se Canada (Ont.) and throughout most of e U.S. w to NE and TX. Sep–Oct. This species is treated as including [M. sobolifera var. setigera Scribn.], the type of which was collected by Reverchon (70) in Dallas (Mahler 1988). Pohl (1969) indicated that plants of M. sobolifera with awned lemmas often have misshapen and shrunken pollen grains. He suggested they might be sterile hybrids between this and some other species. Yatskievych (1999) noted that the “situation requires further study.” Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. ex A. Gray, (forest-loving), FOREST MUHLY, WOODLAND MUHLY. Rhizomatous perennial; culms decumbent or sprawling below, usually 40–100(–110) cm long, freely branching at middle nodes; internodes puberulent; leaf sheaths rounded to slightly angled; ligule 1.5(–2.5) mm or less long; panicles terminal and axillary, slender, contracted; spikelets 2.2–3.2(–3.7) mm long; lemma basally pubescent, with a conspicuous awn (3–)5–10(–18) mm long. Woods and shaded stream banks; included based on citations of vegetational area 4 by Gould (1975b), Hatch et al. (1990), and Hatch (2002), also a single locality was mapped (without specific county) by Pohl (1969) at the w margin of East TX; also reported (Hatch 2002) for Cross Timbers and Prairies and Edwards Plateau; however, Turner et al. (2003) map no East TX locations (they map only Burnet Co.) and we have seen no East TX specimens. This species is thus tentatively included; no county distribution map is provided; e Canada and throughout most of e U.S. w to ND and TX, also AZ. Aug–Sep. While not officially designated as such (e.g., TOES 1993; Carr 2002d; Poole et al. 2002), given its limited distribution in the state, we consider this species to be of conservation concern in TX. � Muhlenbergia utilis (Torr.) Hitchc., (useful), APAREJO GRASS, APAREJO MUHLY. Low rhizomatous perennial; culms (7–)20–30(–40) cm long; ligule to 0.8 mm long; leaf blades very narrow, 0.5–1(–2) mm wide; panicles narrow, interrupted, loosely-flowered, 1–4(–5) cm long; spikelets usually 1.4–2(–2.4) mm long; glumes 0.6–1(–1.5) mm long; lemma usually 1.3–2(–2.4) mm long, scarcely mucronate. Along streams, marshy meadows, usually very wet areas of calcareous soils; Bexar (BRIT), Bell, Brazos [cultivated?], Comal, Hays, Travis and Williamson (Turner et al. 2003) cos. near w margin of East TX; mainly Edwards Plateau; AZ, CA, NV, and TX. Late summer–fall. According to Morden and Hatch (1996), this species “was used by people of Mexico for stuffing packsaddles, hence the common name ‘aparejo grass’” [aparejo = gear]. NASSELLA (Trin.) E. Desv. TUSSOCK GRASS AA New World C3 genus of 116 species, primarily of South and Central America, with the center of diversity in Argentina (72 species) (Barkworth & Torres 2001). Nassella is related to the genus Stipa, and many of its species were in the past treated therein (e.g., Gould 1975b). Barkworth (1990), however, treated Stipa in a narrower sense and argued convincingly that Nassella, previously interpreted as a South American genus of ca. 14 species, is a distinct lineage that should be expanded and recognized as distinct from Stipa—it can be unambiguously distinguished from all other members of the tribe by its strongly overlapping lemma margins (Barkworth 1990, ined.). Numerous recent authors (e.g., Pohl 1994a; Jones et al. 1997; Kartesz 1999) follow this circumscription. The genus name is sometimes incorrectly spelled “Nasella” (e.g., Clayton & Renvoize 1986). � The South American SERRATED TUSSOCK GRASS (Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack.) is an aggressive invader and has been officially designated a federal noxious weed in an attempt to prevent its introduction into the U.S. (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service 2002). (Latin: nassa, a basket with a narrow neck for catching fish) (subfamily Pooideae, tribe Stipeae)
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Monanthochloe littoralis [USB] Muhlenbergia bushii [HI1] Muhlenbergia capillaris [HI1] Muhlenbergia dubia [HI1] Muhlenbergia expansa [SIL] Muhlenbergia frondosa [HI1] Muhlenbergia glabriflora [SIL] Muhlenbergia �involuta [HI1] Muhlenbergia lindheimeri [HI1] 987
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
Page 627 and 628: Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
Page 629 and 630: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 937
Page 633 and 634: Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
Page 637 and 638: ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
Page 639 and 640: � � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
Page 643 and 644: FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
Page 647 and 648: GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
Page 649 and 650: HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
Page 653 and 654: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
Page 655 and 656: KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
Page 657 and 658: Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
Page 659 and 660: LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
Page 661 and 662: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
Page 663 and 664: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
Page 665 and 666: LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
Page 667 and 668: Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
Page 669 and 670: MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
Page 671 and 672: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
Page 673 and 674: Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
Page 675 and 676: MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
Page 677: MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
Page 681 and 682: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
Page 683 and 684: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
Page 685 and 686: PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
Page 687 and 688: PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
Page 689 and 690: Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
Page 691 and 692: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
Page 693 and 694: PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
Page 699 and 700: Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
Page 701 and 702: PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
Page 703 and 704: PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
Page 705 and 706: Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
Page 711 and 712: PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
Page 717 and 718: PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
Page 719 and 720: Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 721 and 722: PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
Page 723 and 724: Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
Page 725 and 726: Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
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Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
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SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
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SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
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Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
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SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
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STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
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Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
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Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
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TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
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UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
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Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
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POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
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POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
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Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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