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504 CONVALLARIACEAE/OPHIOPOGON Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link, (with a raceme type inflorescence), LARGE FALSE SOLOMON’S- SEAL, FALSE SPIKENARD, SOLOMON’S-PLUME. Herb with thick (8–14 mm wide), knotty, creeping rhizomes; stems arching, unbranched, to ca. 1(–1.2) m long; leaves 5–13 per stem, in 2 ranks, short petiolate, usually 7–18 cm long, 3–8 cm wide; inflorescence a panicle of ca. 50–250 small flowers; pedicels 0.5–1 mm long; flowers with 6 distinct tepals; tepals 0.5–1 mm long, white to yellowish white, inconspicuous; fruit a globose berry 4–6 mm in diam., when immature greenish or yellowish white with copper to reddish-brown speckles, maturing to translucent ruby red; seeds usually 1–2(–4). Deciduous woods; included based on mapped location in extreme ne part of East TX by LaFrankie (2002)—but without county specified (possibly Bowie Co.); we have seen no East TX specimens and only tentatively consider this species to be a member of the East TX flora; also Trans-Pecos; nearly throughout Canada and the U.S. Mid-spring. [Convallaria racemosa L., Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.] The species is sometimes cultivated (LaFrankie 2002). This taxon is apparently apomictic—seeds are produced without fertilization (LaFrankie 1986b; Yatskievych 1999). If present in East TX, the species is extremely rare and of conservation concern. � OPHIOPOGON Ker Gawl. LILY-TURF, MONDO-GRASS, SNAKE-BEARD, JAPANESE-HYACINTH AA genus of ca. 20–54 species (Mabberley 1997; Conran & Tamura 1998) native from Indomalesia to the Himalayas and Japan. Some are cultivated as evergreen turf-formers. Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey, (BIG BLUE LILY-TURF; leaves 8–20 mm wide, usually exceeded by the scape; flowers dark violet to white) and L. spicata Lour. (CREEPING LILY-TURF; leaves 5 mm or less wide, longer than the scape; flowers pale violet to white) resemble Ophiopogon species and are cultivated, persist, and spread vegetatively in flower beds in East TX. They can be distinguished from Ophiopogon by having filaments about as long as the anthers and the tepals free from the ovary. (Greek: ophis, a snake, and pogon, beard) REFERENCE: Walters et al. 1986. Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) Lodd., (an oriental vernacular name), JABURAN LILY-TURF, WHITE LILY-TURF, GIANT LILY-TURF, SNAKE-BEARD. Scapose, tufted, evergreen, perennial herb; roots not tuberous; leaves linear, 10–15 mm wide, with 9–13 veins; inflorescence a terminal raceme; scape 30–60 cm long, shorter than to equaling the leaves in length; pedicels 10–15 mm long; flowers nodding, with 6 distinct tepals; tepals white or pale purple, 7–8 mm long, adnate in their lower portions to the ovary; filaments shorter than anthers; ovary partly inferior; stigma 1; fruit berrylike, oblong, 1-seeded; seed blue. Cultivated and presumably escaped; included based on report for the Big Thicket National Preserve (Harcombe 2004); no county distribution map is provided. AR and TX. Summer. Native of Japan. A number of variegated cultivars are known. This species is not very cold hardy, being used more in frost-free areas (Huxley et al. 1992). I Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., (of Japan), MONDO-GRASS, MONKEY-GRASS, DWARF LILY- TURF, DWARF MONDO, is widely cultivated in East TX. This native of China, Japan, and Korea is somewhat similar to O. jaburan but less robust. It can be distinguished by its tuberous roots, narrower, grass-like leaves (2–4 mm wide) with 3–5 veins, shorter scape (5–12 cm long), pedicels (2–6 mm long), and tepals (4–5 mm long). Variegated forms are known. This species is hardier than O. jaburan and can survive temperatures as low as -4° F(-20° C) or even lower (Huxley et al. 1992). I POLYGONATUM Mill. SOLOMON’S-SEAL AA genus of 57 species of herbs with robust horizontal rhizomes. It is distributed in the warm-temperate to boreal zones of the n hemisphere (especially sw China and Japan) (Tamura et al. 1997; Conran & Tamura 1998; Utech 2002c). The plants superficially resemble Uvularia,
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 505 Tradescantia fluminensis Tradescantia gigantea Tradescantia hirsutiflora Tradescantia humilis Tradescantia leiandra Tradescantia occidentalis Tradescantia ohiensis Tradescantia reverchonii Tradescantia subacaulis Tradescantia tharpii Maianthemum racemosum Polygonatum biflorum
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
Page 145 and 146: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 453
Page 147 and 148: LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
Page 149 and 150: Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
Page 151 and 152: Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
Page 153 and 154: ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
Page 155 and 156: ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
Page 157 and 158: ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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Page 163 and 164: Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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Page 167 and 168: ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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Page 171 and 172: Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
Page 173 and 174: APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
Page 175 and 176: S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
Page 177 and 178: UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
Page 179 and 180: ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
Page 181 and 182: CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
Page 183 and 184: COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
Page 185 and 186: SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
Page 187 and 188: TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
Page 189 and 190: FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
Page 195: Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
Page 199 and 200: CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
Page 201 and 202: CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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Page 209 and 210: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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Page 213 and 214: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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Page 219 and 220: Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
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Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
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SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
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SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
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Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
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SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
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STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
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Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
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Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
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TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
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UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
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Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
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POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
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POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
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Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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