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478 BROMELIACEAE/TILLANDSIA REFERENCES: Smith 1938; 1961; Smith & Wood 1975; Benzing 1976, 1994, 2000; Smith & Downs 1977; Benzing et al. 1978; Brown & Gilmartin 1984, 1989; Dahlgren et al. 1985; Gilmartin & Brown 1987; Ranker et al. 1990; Martin 1994; Terry et al. 1997a, 1997b; Smith & Till 1998; Butcher 2000; Crayn et al. 2000; Horres et al. 2000; Luther & Brown 2000. TILLANDSIA L. BALL-MOSS, AIRPLANT, NEEDLE-LEAF Xerophytic epiphytes largely covered with multicellular peltate scales or trichomes that collect water and nutrients, the plants gray when dry, gray-green when wet; leaves entire; flowers perfect; stamens 6; ovary superior; fruit a septicidal capsule; seeds with a basal plumose appendage. AA tropical American genus of ca. 550 species (Luther & Brown 2000) of epiphytes (less often lithophytes and terrestrials), typically with leaves in a rosette; some are cultivated as ornamentals. Because of their grayish color, seedlings are sometimes confused with lichens (E. McWilliams, pers. comm.). Since the epiphytic habit often results in water stress, many epiphytic bromeliads, including Tillandsia species, use their extremely specialized stellate or scale-like, multicellular hairs to reflect sunlight, reduce water loss, and serve as the primary organ for absorption of water and nutrients. The two East TX species can be described as “atmospheric epiphytic” or “atmospheric” type epiphytes (Benzing et al. 1978; Crayn 2000) which are adapted for water absorption from the air, in contrast to “tank” species which impound/ store water. In addition, ca. two-thirds of bromeliads, including both species of Tillandsia found in East TX, exhibit CAM photosynthesis which allows night absorption and storage of CO2, thereby reducing water loss through transpiration during the day (Benzing 1976, 2000; Martin 1994). Unlike parasitic plants such as Phoradendron (mistletoe in the Loranthaceae), epiphytes, including those in the Bromeliaceae, do not harm trees; rather, they use them only for support. (Named for Elias Tillands, 1640–1693, professor at Abo, Finland, who as a student crossing directly from Stockholm, Sweden, was so seasick that he returned to Stockholm by walking more than 1,000 miles around the head of the Gulf of Bothnia and hence assumed his surname (“by land”); the genus was erroneously supposed by Linnaeus to dislike water) REFERENCES: Birge 1911; McWilliams 1992, 1995; White et al. 1998a. 1. Plants typically in dense ball-like clumps; stems short, 10 cm or less long, completely concealed by the overlapping leaf sheaths; flowers at the end of a scape, conspicuously exserted above the leaves; petals violet or bluish _______________________________________________________ T. recurvata 1. Plants slender, wiry, usually curled, forming elongate hanging strands, not ball-like; stems elongate, often several meters long, visible between the leaves; flowers apparently sessile among the leaves; petals greenish or yellow-green ___________________________________________ T. usneoides Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L., (recurved), BALL-MOSS, BUNCH-MOSS, SMALL BALL-MOSS, GALLITOS. Plant rarely � 15 cm tall; roots present; leaves arising close together, recurving, elongate (2–17 cm long), very narrow (to ca. 3 mm wide), covered with scales; scape slender, with 1–2(–5) flowers; petals violet or bluish; seeds comose with bristles in two series separated by several mm. In East TX, usually epiphytic or further s and w also on rocks, tombstones, and utility wires; sw margin of East TX (Bexar Co.) n and e to Harris, Hill, Henderson, Madison, and Walker cos. (McWilliams 1992, 1995; White et al. 1998a) in the Blackland Prairie, Post Oak Savannah, and Pineywoods; primarily s 1/2 of TX; apparently spreading e and ne (several populations are now known from LA—E. McWilliams, pers. comm.); an introduced population on a single tree was observed in Dallas (McWilliams 1992); AZ, FL, GA, LA, NM, and TX and s to Central and South America. Flowering throughout the year. This species has expanded its geographic range in TX over the past 80 years, perhaps in response to changing climate; such climate-sensitive species may be able to serve as early indicators of projected regional climatic change (McWilliams 1995). White et al. (1998a), however, questioned this interpretation. m/303
Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Sabal minor [BA1] Asparagus officinalis [LAM] ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 479 Sabal mexicana [SA3] SEED W/BASAL HAIRS Tillandsia usneoides [JAA] Tillandsia recurvata [JAA] LEAF SCALE OPEN CAPSULE W/SEEDS
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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Page 121 and 122: Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
Page 123 and 124: Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
Page 125 and 126: ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
Page 127 and 128: ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
Page 129 and 130: STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
Page 131 and 132: CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
Page 133 and 134: var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
Page 135 and 136: AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
Page 137 and 138: COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
Page 139 and 140: BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
Page 141 and 142: HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
Page 143 and 144: CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
Page 145 and 146: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 453
Page 147 and 148: LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
Page 149 and 150: Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
Page 151 and 152: Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
Page 153 and 154: ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
Page 155 and 156: ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
Page 157 and 158: ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
Page 161 and 162: ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
Page 163 and 164: Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
Page 165 and 166: ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
Page 167 and 168: ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
Page 169: BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
Page 173 and 174: APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
Page 175 and 176: S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
Page 177 and 178: UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
Page 179 and 180: ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
Page 181 and 182: CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
Page 183 and 184: COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
Page 185 and 186: SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
Page 187 and 188: TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
Page 189 and 190: FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
Page 195 and 196: Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
Page 199 and 200: CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
Page 201 and 202: CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
Page 203 and 204: BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
Page 209 and 210: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
Page 211 and 212: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
Page 213 and 214: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
Page 215 and 216: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
Page 217 and 218: CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
Page 219 and 220: Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
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Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
Page 757 and 758:
SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
Page 759 and 760:
Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770:
Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772:
Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
Page 783 and 784:
UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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keys to the vascular plants of east texas - Botanical Research ...

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