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714 JUNCACEAE/LUZULA mm long. Damp sandy ground; widespread in East TX; also Gulf Prairies and Marshes and scattered to the w; e U.S. from NY s to FL w to NE and TX. Late May–Aug. Juncus tenuis Willd., (slender), SLENDER RUSH, POVERTY RUSH, PATH RUSH. Tufted perennial 8– 30(–50) cm tall, with basal offshoots but without obvious rhizomes; panicle 3–6(–9) cm long, ca. 1/4–1/5 the total height of plant (in contrast to the sometimes similar J. bufonius); internodes of inflorescence usually less than 5 mm long; perianth 3.3–5.5 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.2 mm long (shorter than in the similar J. anthelatus); capsule (3.3–)3.8–4.7 mm long. Moist sand in woods, often in disturbed areas or places with compacted soils (e.g., along paths or trails); Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah w in Red River drainage to Grayson Co. (BRIT); also n Gulf Prairies and Marshes; throughout most of the U.S. and Canada. Spring, rarely summer. Juncus texanus (Engelm.) Coville, (of Texas), TEXAS RUSH. Slender perennial 20–80 cm tall, freely rhizomatous, the elongate rhizomes thin (ca. 1 mm in diam.), with swollen nodes; perianth (3.5–)3.9–5.4 mm long; capsule 5.2–6.5(–8) mm long, with slender, prolonged, exserted tip. Low ground; in East TX mainly in the Blackland Prairie and to the e in Houston Co. (BRIT); also Cross Timbers and Prairies and e Edwards Plateau; endemic to TX (Brooks & Clemants 2000) or nearly so (possibly present in adjacent OK—Kartesz 1999; Carr 2002b). Jun–Jul. E? Juncus torreyi Coville, (for John Torrey, 1796–1873, coauthor with Asa Gray of “The Flora of North America”), TORREY’S RUSH. Perennial 30–110 cm tall, rhizomatous, the rhizomes elongate, 1–3 mm in diam., often with swollen nodes, light-colored; heads 8–10(–11) mm thick, closely crowded; perianth 3.4–6 mm long; capsule (4.3–)4.5–5.7 mm long. Damp or wet ground; widespread in TX; throughout most of the U.S. and s Canada. Jun–Jul, sporadically to Oct. Juncus trigonocarpus Steud., (three-cornered fruit), RED-POD RUSH. Perennial often in large clumps, coarse, rigid, 50–90(–120) cm tall; perianth 2.5–3.5 mm long; capsule 3.5–5 mm long, sharply 3-angled; seeds caudate (= with tails � as long as body of seed). Seeps and bogs on sandy soils; scattered in the Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah; Brooks and Clemants (2000) also mapped an outlying location (county unspecified) in the nw part of East TX; se U.S. from NC s to FL w to TX. Sep–Nov. [J. caudatus Chapm.] Juncus validus Coville, (vigorous). Perennial resembling J. torreyi but heads well-separated; stems 30–100 cm tall; rhizomes often very short or absent, without tuberous thickenings; perianth usually 3.4–4.2(–5) mm long; capsule 4–5.5 mm long. Damp or wet ground. Jun–Oct. 1. Inflorescences mostly 2–5 cm long, of 6–15 heads; capsules tardily dehiscent (valves of capsules united at tips even after dehiscence) _______________________________________________ var. fascinatus 1. Inflorescences 5–30 cm long, of (12–)15–76 heads; capsules promptly completely dehiscent (valves of capsules separate at tips after dehiscence) _____________________________________ var. validus var. fascinatus M.C. Johnst., (fascinating). Bastrop, Caldwell, DeWitt, Guadalupe, Travis (Johnston 1964b), and Grayson (Turner et al. 2003) cos.; w margin of East TX w to Cross Timbers and Prairies and e Edwards Plateau (Johnston 1964b); also Gulf Prairies & Marshes; endemic to TX (Kartesz 1999; Brooks & Clemants 2000; Carr 2002c). E var. validus, ROUND-HEAD RUSH. Widespread in e 1/2 of TX; se U.S. from NC s to FL w to KS and TX. According to Brooks and Clemants (2000), “Juncus validus var. validus closely resembles J. polycephalus but differs in having complete septa, long-exserted capsules, and terete stems.” LUZULA DC. WOODRUSH Perennials with stems in tufts or solitary; leaf blades flat, grass-like, with pubescence; leaf sheaths closed; inflorescences terminal, of 5–10(–13) usually simple branches, with 1–3 leaf-like bracts; flowers (in East TX species) in few-flowered glomerules; capsules obovoid to subglobose,
Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus repens [GWO] Juncus nodatus [GR3] Juncus roemerianus [GWO] Juncus scirpoides [GWO] ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 715 Juncus texanus [EN1] Juncus tenuis [GWO]
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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Page 357 and 358: Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
Page 359 and 360: � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
Page 361 and 362: SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
Page 363 and 364: HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
Page 365 and 366: HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
Page 367 and 368: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 675
Page 369 and 370: OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
Page 373 and 374: � Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
Page 375 and 376: IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
Page 377 and 378: BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
Page 383 and 384: IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
Page 385 and 386: Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
Page 389 and 390: SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
Page 393 and 394: Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
Page 395 and 396: JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
Page 397 and 398: JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
Page 401 and 402: Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
Page 403 and 404: Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
Page 405: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 713
Page 409 and 410: var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
Page 413 and 414: LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
Page 415 and 416: SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
Page 417 and 418: NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
Page 421 and 422: LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
Page 423 and 424: ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
Page 425 and 426: Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
Page 427 and 428: LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
Page 429 and 430: THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
Page 431 and 432: MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
Page 433 and 434: Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
Page 437 and 438: VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
Page 439 and 440: Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
Page 441 and 442: ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
Page 443 and 444: DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
Page 445 and 446: FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
Page 447 and 448: ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
Page 449 and 450: CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
Page 451 and 452: CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
Page 453 and 454: CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
Page 455 and 456: Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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POACEAE 811 29. Spikelets loosely a
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POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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AEGILOPS/POACEAE 815 23. Spikelets
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AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
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ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
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ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
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ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
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Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
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AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
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Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
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BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
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Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
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Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
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BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
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Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
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Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
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BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
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BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
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CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
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CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
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Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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CORTADERIA/POACEAE 875 of the inflo
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DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
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Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 889 26. Leaf
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Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
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Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 905 that this
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
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Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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Page 737 and 738:
SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
Page 747 and 748:
SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
Page 749 and 750:
Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
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SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
Page 757 and 758:
SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
Page 759 and 760:
Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
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SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
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STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770:
Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772:
Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
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Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
Page 783 and 784:
UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
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Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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