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862 POACEAE/CENCHRUS Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm., (finger-like), BUFFALO GRASS. Low perennial, 30 cm or less tall, stoloniferous, forming sod, dioecious or occasionally monoecious; culm nodes mostly glabrous; leaves usually with short, curly blades 1–2.5 mm wide; ligule a ciliate membrane ca. 0.5– 1 mm long; staminate inflorescences elevated above the leaves, with 1–4 spike-like branches 6– 14 mm long; staminate spikelets usually 6–12 per branch, sessile, pectinately arranged, 4–6 mm long, 2-flowered; glumes unequal, 1(–2)-veined; lemmas 3-veined; pistillate inflorescences usually hidden in leafy portion of plant, closely subtended by inflated leaf sheaths, the 2–3(–4) branches bur-like, the axes indurate, each usually with 3–5(–7) one-flowered spikelets, falling entire; upper glume indurate, yellowish, the apex 3-toothed; lemma 3-veined, 3-lobed. Grasslands; throughout TX, but more common from the Blackland Prairie westward; sc Canada and c U.S. from WI s to LA w to MT and NV, also GA and VA. Apr–Sep. [Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus] This species is dominant over large areas of the short grass prairie of the Great Plains and is one of the most important grazing species of that area. It was used by settlers in making sod houses and is currently increasing in use as a drought resistant and low maintenance yard grass—because of its relatively low maximum height, little mowing is required. It has been suggested (Davidse 1987a) that the bur-like pistillate inflorescences may be animal dispersed. CENCHRUS L. SANDBUR, GRASSBUR, SANDSPUR, BUR GRASS, HEDGEHOG GRASS, DEVIL’S-BUR, STICKERS, GOAT-HEADS Annuals or perennials, largely glabrous; culms often geniculate; leaf sheaths compressed and keeled; ligule a short ciliate membrane; inflorescence spike-like, with zigzag, triangular-flattened axis; spikelets enclosed in bur-like involucres (1–several spikelets per involucre) with usually fused spines (flattened bristles) and bristles or (in C. myosuroides) only bristles; disarticulation at base of involucres; callus below involucre flared/swollen apically; spikelets of 2 florets, the lower floret sterile and with glume-like lemma, the upper floret fertile and with hardened grain-like lemma; glumes unequal, the lower smaller than the upper. AA genus of ca. 16 species (Stieber & Wipff 2003) of warm and dry regions of America, Africa, and India, characterized by C4 photosynthesis. Other authorities, however, recognize more species—20 (Crins 1991) to 30 (Mabberley 1997). The bur-like spiny involucres are painful and injurious to both humans and other animals—they are frequently found on shoelaces, socks, and other clothing and on many animal species. The burs, which fall easily and serve as dispersal units, often become embedded between the toes of dogs, necessitating veterinary attention, and in various animals the burs are known to penetrate the mouth and tongue, causing serious problems (Ken Lawrence D.V.M., pers. comm.). They are particularly problematic in areas where sheep are raised and can damage the wool (Steyermark 1963). Cenchrus is closely related to Pennisetum; some species of the former closely resemble the latter morphologically (Chrtek & Osbornová 1996; Wipff & Veldkamp 1999), and the two have sometimes been combined (e.g., Correll & Johnston 1970). Recent molecular studies suggest Pennisetum is “probably paraphyletic” without the inclusion of Cenchrus (Gómez-Martínez & Culham 2000). However, “Cenchrus generally differs from Pennisetum in having retrorsely scabrous or strigose inner bristles that are usually fused to well above their bases” (Stieber & Wipff 2003), and until more information is available, we are following most recent authorities in maintaining Cenchrus as a separate genus. Pennisetum ciliare has been treated as a Cenchrus by some authorities (e.g., Gould 1975b; Webster 1988; Crins 1991; Watson & Dallwitz 1992; Yatskievych 1999). However, we are following other workers (e.g., Kartesz 1999; Hatch 2002; Wipff 2003j) in treating it in Pennisetum. While it seems more appropriately placed in Pennisetum (e.g., spikelets subtended only by an involucre of bristles, not spines; bristles antrorsely barbed; molecular evidence— Giussani et al. 2001; cytological evidence—S. Hatch, pers. comm.), it does exhibit some fusion of the involucre bristles (at least basally) as in species of Cenchrus, and it has the callus below the involucre flared/swollen apically—a character which is uniformly present in Cenchrus, but not
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 863 Bromus catharticus [USB] Bromus diandrus [GO2, YAT] Bromus hordeaceus [USB] Bromus inermis [HI1] Bromus japonicus [REE] Bromus lanceolatus [RJG] Bromus pubescens [YAT] Bromus secalinus [REE] Bromus tectorum [REE]
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KEYS TO THE VASCULAR PLANTS 309 KEY
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KEY TO FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS 311
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Key to Families of Gymnosperms KEY
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20. Flowers in a single, small (4-4
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38. Stamens 6 per flower. 39. Peria
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57. Leaves reduced to scales only;
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FERNS AND SIMILAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPH
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ISOETES/ISOETACEAE 323 DIVISION LYC
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Psilotum nudum [KNO] Isoetes butler
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LYCOPODIELLA/LYCOPODIACEAE 327 Beit
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SELAGINELLA/SELAGINELLACEAE 329 Pse
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 331
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Palhinhaea cernua [CLU] Selaginella
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leaf blade petiole rhizome root sca
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ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT ASPLENIUM/A
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WOODWARDIA/BLECHNACEAE 339 1. Plant
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MEGASPORE Woodwardia areolata [LUN]
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DRYOPTERIDACEAE 343 AThe family as
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Anemia mexicana Azolla caroliniana
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DRYOPTERIS/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 347 Carr
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WOODSIA/DRYOPTERIDACEAE 351 Tectari
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MARSILEA/MARSILEACEAE 353 etation (
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BOTRYCHIUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 357 REFE
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Nephrolepis exaltata Onoclea sensib
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OPHIOGLOSSUM/OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 361 Op
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PTERIDACEAE 365 and pous or podium,
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Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossum
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CERATOPTERIS/PTERIDACEAE 371 Astrol
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Argyrochosma dealbata [LUN] Astrole
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Cheilanthes feei [LUN] Cheilanthes
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Astrolepis integerrima Astrolepis s
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SALVINIACEAE 379 fern, derived from
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SALVINIA/SALVINIACEAE 381 NM, and N
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Pellaea ovata Pellaea wrightiana IL
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Thelypteris dentata [SM3] STERILE F
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GYMNOSPERMS EPHEDRACEAE 389 AThe te
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DIVISION PINOPHYTA CONIFERS CUPRESS
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JUNIPERUS/CUPRESSACEAE 393 allergen
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Ephedra antisyphilitica [LUN] Junip
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PINUS/PINACEAE 397 clusters at the
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� � � � � � Pinus echin
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Ephedra antisyphilitica Juniperus a
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MAGNOLIOPHYTA 403 consumed in large
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CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE MONOCOTYLEDON
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AGAVACEAE 407 produced in North Ame
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HESPERALOE/AGAVACEAE 409 for their
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Acorus calamus [GLE] Hesperaloe eng
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YUCCA/AGAVACEAE 413 snakebite (Verh
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7. Leaves straight or nearly so, la
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Manfreda virginica subsp. lata [HEA
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Manfreda maculosa Manfreda sileri I
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ALISMA/ALISMATACEAE 423 1. Pistils
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Yucca rupicola [LYN] Yucca treculea
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SAGITTARIA/ALISMATACEAE 427 long te
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Echinodorus tenellus [FLN, RHO] Sag
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Yucca treculeana ILLUSTRATED FLORA
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 433 pounds are ant
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ALLIUM/ALLIACEAE 435 Allium ampelop
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STAMENS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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CAPSULE Allium canadense var. mobil
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var. fraseri-▲ var. hyacinthoides
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AMARYLLIDACEAE 443 and edible (Baye
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COOPERIA/AMARYLLIDACEAE 445 REFEREN
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BULBILS CAPSULE Allium sativum [ANO
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HABRANTHUS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 449 obser
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CAPSULES SEED Habranthus tubispathu
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LYCORIS/AMARYLLIDACEAE 455 usually
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Hymenocallis liriosme [HEA] Leucoju
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Narcissus jonquilla [NIC] Narcissus
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ANTHERICACEAE 461 2000), Anderson,
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ARACEAE 463 hemiepiphytes, and aqua
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ARISAEMA/ARACEAE 465 has been disag
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ORONTIUM/ARACEAE 469 down the insid
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Echeandia flavescens [MCV] Colocasi
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ARECACEAE 473 oped rhizomes present
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ASPARAGACEAE 475 spreading from cul
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BROMELIACEAE 477 jointed pedicels;
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Xanthosoma sagittifolium [BA1] Saba
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APTERIA/BURMANNIACEAE 481 FAMILY RE
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S. minor � S. mexicana-� ILLUST
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UVULARIA/COLCHICACEAE 485 blurred,
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ANTHER CAPSULE PISTIL Apteria aphyl
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CALLISIA/COMMELINACEAE 489 the Haem
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COMMELINA/COMMELINACEAE 491 4. Spat
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SINGLE FLOWER INFLORESCENCE Callisi
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TRADESCANTIA/COMMELINACEAE 495 & Tv
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FRUITING INFLORESCENCE Murdannia nu
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Tradescantia paludosa [AND] Tradesc
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CYPERACEAE 507 become split by grow
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CYPERACEAE 509 10. Scales of spikel
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BULBOSTYLIS/CYPERACEAE 511 1. Spike
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 517 The following
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 519 of leaf sheath
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 521 37. Perigynia
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 523 58. Achene sho
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 525 85. Larger per
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Carex abscondita [MAC] Carex albica
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CAREX/CYPERACEAE 531 persists in li
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Carex decomposita [MAC] Carex digit
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Carex triangularis [MAC] Carex tetr
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 559 1974; Baijan
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 561 21. Leaf bla
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 563 fresh; achen
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 565 tively more
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 573 Cyperus invo
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Cyperus esculentus [REE] Cyperus fi
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CYPERUS/CYPERACEAE 577 around the s
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Cyperus iria [GWO] Cyperus lanceola
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Cyperus surinamensis [BT2] Cyperus
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 587 5. Culms
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 589 27. Spike
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 591 43. Scale
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 593 compressa
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ELEOCHARIS/CYPERACEAE 601 ing mats;
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FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl FIMBRY FIMBRISTYL
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Fimbristylis annua [SID] Fimbristyl
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REFERENCES: Coville 1890; Bush 1905
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 621 Lipocar
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 623 10. Per
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RHYNCHOSPORA/CYPERACEAE 625 34. Cul
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Lipocarpha aristulata [GWO] Lipocar
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SCHOENOPLECTUS/CYPERACEAE 641 exten
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Schoenoplectus pungens [MAS] Schoen
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 649 5. Lowest la
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SCLERIA/CYPERACEAE 651 with a pair
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 657 1. Pet
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ERIOCAULON/ERIOCAULACEAE 659 bracts
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� Dioscorea bulbifera [HEB] ILLUS
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HYACINTHACEAE 663 orange zone towar
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Scleria pauciflora ILLUSTRATED FLOR
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� � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST T
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SCHOENOLIRION/HYACINTHACEAE 669 som
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HYDROCHARITACEAE 671 AA small (116
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HYDRILLIA/HYDROCHARITACEAE 673 marg
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OTTELIA Pers. DUCK-LETTUCE OTTELIA/
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� Vallisneria americana [LAM] Ott
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IRIDACEAE 683 inflorescences with 1
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BELAMCANDA Adans. LEOPARD-LILY, BLA
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IRIS/IRIDACEAE 691 6. Cauline leaf
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Iris brevicaulis [YAT] ILLUSTRATED
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SISYRINCHIUM/IRIDACEAE 697 3. Inflo
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Sisyrinchium ensigerum [CUR] Sisyri
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 703 mainly in wet
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JUNCUS/JUNCACEAE 705 yellowish, lea
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Juncus acuminatus [MAS] Juncus anth
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Juncus dichotomus [GWO] Juncus effu
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Juncus polycephalus [GWO] Juncus re
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var. validus-● var. facinatus-�
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LEMNA/LEMNACEAE 721 Pineywoods and
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SPIRODELA/LEMNACEAE 723 Lemna turio
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NOTE 3 VEINS � TOP VIEW Lemna min
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LILIACEAE 729 The lily family (even
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ERYTHRONIUM/LILIACEAE 731 17. Tepal
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Wolffia columbiana [GWO, MIB] Wolff
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LIMNOCHARITACEAE 735 1. Perianth wh
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THALIA/MARANTACEAE 737 pollen prese
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MELANTHIACEAE 739 AA small family (
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Lilium philippinense [GCH] SEED FOL
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VERATRUM/MELANTHIACEAE 745 circumsc
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Zigadenus glaberrimus [GLE] Schoeno
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ALETRIS/NARTHECIACEAE 749 Tofieldia
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DASYLIRION Zucc. SOTOL, SHAGGY-LILY
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FLOWER Aletris aurea [CO1] Aletris
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ORCHIDACEAE 755 45 occur in East TX
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CALOPOGON/ORCHIDACEAE 757 5-25 flow
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CLEISTES/ORCHIDACEAE 759 long; lip
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CYPRIPEDIUM/ORCHIDACEAE 761 while t
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Stenanthium gramineum Toxicoscordio
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Calopogon tuberosus [FNA] Corallorh
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HEXALECTRIS/ORCHIDACEAE 767 rain. A
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Habenaria quinqueseta [LUN] Habenar
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 771 PLATANT
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PLATANTHERA/ORCHIDACEAE 773 Platant
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 779 mm wide,
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 781 12. Lip
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Platanthera lacera [YAT] Pogonia op
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SPIRANTHES/ORCHIDACEAE 789 narrowes
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TRIPHORA/ORCHIDACEAE 791 an example
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LEAF collar rhizome blade ligule sh
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POACEAE 797 Dissection is usually n
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POACEAE 799 rower and often differe
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POACEAE 801 6. Lemmas awned, the tw
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POACEAE 803 30. Lemma veins none to
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POACEAE 805 13. Inflorescences narr
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POACEAE 807 12. Lemma awnless; infl
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POACEAE 809 inflorescence solitary,
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Page 505 and 506: POACEAE 813 20. Basal leaves usuall
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Page 509 and 510: AGROSTIS/POACEAE 817 Agrostis hyema
Page 511 and 512: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS 819
Page 513 and 514: ANDROPOGON/POACEAE 821 colonizing e
Page 517 and 518: ANTHENANTIA/POACEAE 825 to be the e
Page 521 and 522: ARISTIDA/POACEAE 829 9. Lemma thick
Page 523 and 524: ARISTIDA/POACEAE 831 BRIT), Newton
Page 527 and 528: Anthoxanthum aristatum [BB2] Anthox
Page 531 and 532: AXONOPUS/POACEAE 839 duced to the U
Page 533 and 534: Avena fatua [HI1] Arundo donax [LYN
Page 535 and 536: BOTHRIOCHLOA/POACEAE 843 var. barbi
Page 537 and 538: Aristida purpurea (all vars.) ILLUS
Page 539 and 540: Axonopus compressus [HI1] Axonopus
Page 541 and 542: BOUTELOUA/POACEAE 849 state grass b
Page 543 and 544: Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songari
Page 547 and 548: Bouteloua pectinata [BOT, HEA] Bout
Page 549 and 550: BROMUS/POACEAE 857 8. Lemmas and gl
Page 553: BUCHLOE/POACEAE 861 ticularly in th
Page 557 and 558: CHASMANTHIUM/POACEAE 865 [C. caroli
Page 563 and 564: CHLORIS/POACEAE 871 East TX; mainly
Page 565 and 566: Chasmanthium sessiliflorum [USB] Ch
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Page 573 and 574: DANTHONIA/POACEAE 881 Dactylocteniu
Page 575 and 576: Cynodon dactylon [REE] Cynosurus ec
Page 577 and 578: DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 885 AA genus
Page 579 and 580: DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 887 20. Inter
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Page 583 and 584: Danthonia spicata [USB] Desmazeria
Page 589 and 590: DICHANTHELIUM/POACEAE 897 and Harri
Page 591 and 592: Dichanthelium acuminatum (all vars.
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Page 601 and 602: DIGITARIA/POACEAE 909 2. Main axis
Page 603 and 604: Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon [HI] IL
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DIGITARIA/POACEAE 913 with papilla-
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Digitaria bicornis [HEB] ILLUSTRATE
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Digitaria insularis [HI1] Digitaria
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EHRHARTA/POACEAE 921 spikelets (2.5
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ELIONURUS/POACEAE 923 Since this co
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Echinochloa crus-gali [REE] Echinoc
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ENTEROPOGON Nees UMBRELLA GRASS ENT
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 931 8. Infloresc
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ERAGROSTIS/POACEAE 933 12. Pedicels
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Elymus repens [HI1] Elymus smithii
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Eragrostis japonica [USB] ILLUSTRAT
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ERIONEURON/POACEAE 945 Shaw and Sme
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� � � ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EA
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FESTUCA/POACEAE 951 rachilla glabro
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GYMNOPOGON/POACEAE 955 Glyceria sep
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HILARIA/POACEAE 957 REFERENCES: Eme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Fes
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KOELERIA/POACEAE 963 Andropogoneae,
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Heteropogon melanocarpus [HI1] Hord
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LEPTOCHLOA/POACEAE 967 Leersia oryz
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Koe
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Hor
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LOLIUM/POACEAE 973 Charmet et al. 1
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Leptochloa nealleyi [USB] Lolium ri
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MICROSTEGIUM/POACEAE 977 AA variabl
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Lep
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Lolium temulentum [USB] Melica muti
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 983 10. Lemma
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MUHLENBERGIA/POACEAE 985 and Prairi
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mon
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Mic
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 993 fact that gener
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PANICUM/POACEAE 995 17. Spikelets 2
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Oryza sativa [HI1] Panicum anceps [
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS Muh
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PANICUM/POACEAE 1001 Panicum hallii
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Panicum trichoides [HI2] ILLUSTRATE
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1009 5. Spikelets
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1011 27. Axils of
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Panicum virgatum [RCA] Paspalum acu
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PASPALUM/POACEAE 1019 loam soils; w
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PENNISETUM/POACEAE 1025 unit as in
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Paspalum repens [USB] ILLUSTRATED F
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PHALARIS/POACEAE 1029 landscapes (B
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Paspalum pubiflorum (both vars.) IL
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Pennisetum purpureum [HUT] Penniset
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POA/POACEAE 1035 around awn base; l
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POA/POACEAE 1037 long. Forests, flo
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SACCHARUM/POACEAE 1045 1. Awn of le
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SCHEDONNARDUS/POACEAE 1047 lower gl
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Page 743 and 744:
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1053 Paspalidium (W
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SETARIA/POACEAE 1055 14. Leaf blade
Page 749 and 750:
Schizachyrium tenerum [HI1, USB] Sc
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
SORGHUM/POACEAE 1063 2000) indicate
Page 757 and 758:
SPARTINA/POACEAE 1065 Americas it [
Page 759 and 760:
Sorghastrum elliottii [HI1] Sorghas
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Page 763 and 764:
SPOROBOLUS/POACEAE 1071 7. Lemma ap
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STEINCHISMA/POACEAE 1075 Sporobolus
Page 769 and 770:
Sphenopholis obtusata (both vars.)
Page 771 and 772:
Sporobolus neglectus [HI1] Sporobol
Page 773 and 774:
TRICHONEURA/POACEAE 1081 guish it f
Page 775 and 776:
Stenotaphrum secundatum [USB] Trich
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Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
TRISETUM/POACEAE 1089 low areas; ne
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UROCHLOA/POACEAE 1091 AA C4 genus o
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Tridens eragrostoides Tridens flavu
Page 789 and 790:
VULPIA/POACEAE 1097 2. Lemmas (exce
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
ZIZANIOPSIS/POACEAE 1103 (1999) (po
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
EICHHORNIA/PONTEDERIACEAE 1107 REFE
Page 801 and 802:
Zoysia japonica [HOL] Zoysia pacifi
Page 803 and 804:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1111 1
Page 805 and 806:
POTAMOGETON/POTAMOGETONACEAE 1113 P
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1119 times woody
Page 813 and 814:
SMILAX/SMILACACEAE 1121 30(-60) mm
Page 815 and 816:
Stuckenia pectinata [MAS] ILLUSTRAT
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
THEMIDACEAE 1127 cover for various
Page 821 and 822:
Smilax rotundifolia [JEM] ILLUSTRAT
Page 823 and 824:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1131 Schilling
Page 825 and 826:
TRILLIUM/TRILLIACEAE 1133 taxonomic
Page 827 and 828:
Triantha racemosa [GLE] Trillium lu
Page 829 and 830:
TYPHA/TYPHACEAE 1137 REFERENCES: Wi
Page 831 and 832:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1139 cone-like spi
Page 833 and 834:
XYRIS/XYRIDACEAE 1141 11. Plant bas
Page 835 and 836:
Sparganium americanum Typha latifol
Page 837 and 838:
Typha domingensis[ BT3] Typha latif
Page 839 and 840:
Xyris drummondii [SID] Xyris fimbri
Page 841 and 842:
Xyris smalliana [SID] ILLUSTRATED F
Page 843:
Xyris caroliniana Xyris difformis (
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keys to the vascular plants of east texas - Botanical Research ...

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