Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ...

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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Moist air, relatively constant moderate temperature, and lack of light are attributes of these cave systems. In general, lave tubes can be divided into four zones – entrance, twilight, transition, and true dark. The entrance zone is the opening of the lava tube and is generally rich in resources. Green vegetation lessens in the twilight zone where light is reduced. In the transition zone, no light is present, but surface environmental conditions are not absent. Finally, the true dark zone is characterized by constant darkness and has steady environmental conditions (Howarth 1973). 4.4 Endangered Hawaiian Forest Birds Over two-thirds of the remaining native forest birds in Hawai„i are federally listed under the ESA. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands has contributed both to the endemism of the forest birds and to their potential for endangerment. Isolation has made them particularly vulnerable to diseases such as avian malaria and pox, one of the most critical threats to native forest birds. The endangered species present in Hakalau Forest NWR include three families of birds: Fringillidae (honeycreepers), Corvidae (crows) and Accipitridae (hawks). The majority are Hawaiian honeycreepers (Fringillidae: Drepanidinae) and include the „akiapōlā„au, Hawai„i „ākepa, Hawai„i creeper, and „ō„ū. The „alalā and „io are the two other species of concern. All species are endemic to the Island of Hawai„i, with the exception of the „ō„ū, which formerly occurred on all the main Hawaiian Islands but may now be extinct. Statewide surveys of the distribution, abundance, and habitat occurrences of native forest birds began in 1976 (Scott et al. 1986). These efforts were followed up by annual surveys that allow for monitoring and the examination of trends in forest bird densities over time, particularly of the endangered Hawaiian forest birds. Long-term data are available for two areas on the Island of Hawai„i in particular: the North Hāmākua study area and the central windward region of Hawai„i Island. These two areas are described in detail below. The North Hāmākua area (160,230 ac) is located on the eastern flank of Mauna Kea, from 1,000- 8,000 ft elevation (Figure 4-4). This area includes the HFU and surrounding public and private lands. The study area is steeply dissected by ridges and erosion gullies, with frequent major tree falls (Camp et al. 2003). Most surveys within the North Hāmākua study area were conducted in the montane forest, which has a canopy dominated by old growth „ōhi„a and koa. „Ōlapa, pūkiawe, „ōhelo, „ākala, and hāpu„u are the most common subcanopy trees and shrubs. Vegetation at low elevations (0-1,970 ft) consists of nonnative trees, shrubs, and grasses in agriculture and urban/exurban settings. Vegetation at middle elevations (1,970–6,230 ft) is dominated by native „ōhi„a and koa/„ōhi„a forest, whereas the highest elevations (more than 6,230 ft) are comprised of pasture, subalpine native shrubland, and māmane and koa woodland. Nonnative plant species may be found throughout parts of the native forest at all elevations (Camp et al. 2003). The central windward region of Hawai„i Island includes approximately 166,300 ac of mid- to highelevation rainforest on the windward slopes of Mauna Loa Volcano, between 2,300-6,890 ft. It was divided into four study areas: Kūlani-Keauhou, „Ōla„a, Mauna Loa Strip, and East Rift (Gorresen et al. 2005). 4-14 Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats
Figure 4-4. North Hāmākua study area. Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan The Kūlani-Keauhou study area (elevation 3,280-4,920 ft) and surrounding region is comprised of wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa dominated forests. The clearing of forest and ranching largely ceased in the 1990s, and the region is now managed mainly as native forest. Recent management has included removal of livestock, tree planting, and in some areas removal of ungulates and weed control. The ‘Ōla‘a study area (elevation 3,280-4,920 ft) is comprised of wet ‘ōhi‘a and hāpu‘u forests. Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats 4-15
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Figure 1-1. Refuge vicinity. Chapte
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Figure 1-2. HFU location. Chapter 1
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Figure 1-3. KFU location. Chapter 1
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Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direct
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4.9.13 Phyllostegia velutina Hakala
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4.9.16 Silene hawaiiensis Hakalau F
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Horses (Equus caballus caballus) Ha
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Chapter 5. Social S an nd Economic
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Figure 5-2. 5 HFU ad dministrativ v
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Figure 5-3. 5 KFU ad dministrativ v
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5.2.3 Camping Hakalau Forest Nation
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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Natural Processes (biotic and abiot
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Table 4-2. Resources of Concern. Ot
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Other Benefiting Species Life Histo
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6.5 Record Keeping 6.5.1 Labels and
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7.2.1 Environmental exposure Hakala
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7.2.3 Assumptions for ecological ri
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Table CP.1 Pesticide Name Trade Nam
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Date Acquired Hakalau Forest Nation
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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S
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