Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ...

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
Comprehensive Conservation Plan
Life History Other Benefiting
Focal Species Habitat Type Habitat Structure
Requirement Species
‘io Native ‘ōhi‘a and Mature ‘ōhi‘a trees, home range of 7-988 acres. Nesting. All native forest bird
koa/‘ōhi‘a forest.
species and
‘ōpe‘ape‘a and
plants.
‘io Native and Forests, grasslands, urban areas. Hunting for prey. In native forest, all
nonnative forest
native forest bird
and open habitats.
species and
‘ōpe‘ape‘a and
plants.
nēnē Open shrublands Short grass, native and nonnative, less than 18 Foraging. Pueo, ‘io, kōlea,
and grasslands. inches, mixed shrubs.
native plant dispersal.
nēnē Open shrublands Short grass, native and nonnative, less than 18 Nesting, roosting, Pueo, ‘io, kōlea.
and grasslands. inches, mixed shrubs.
foraging
‘ō‘ū Native koa/‘ōhi‘a Mature koa and ‘ōhi‘a forest with native Nesting and foraging. All native forest bird
forest.
understory, above mosquito zone.
species and
‘ōpe‘ape‘a and
plants.
Nesting and foraging. All native forest bird
species and
‘ōpe‘ape‘a and
plants.
Mature koa and ‘ōhi‘a forest with native
understory, above mosquito zone. Elevational
gradient with closed canopy, with mid-canopy
understory to seasonally follow maturing fruits.
‘alalā Native koa/‘ōhi‘a
forest.
Shallow water, with emergent vegetation edge. Foraging and nesting. ‘Alae ke‘oke‘o, nēnē
Ponds, streams,
bogs.
Hawaiian duck, koloa
maoli
Ponds, bogs. Shallow water, with emergent vegetation edge. Foraging and nesting. Koloa maoli and
nēnē.
Hawaiian coot, ‘alae
ke‘oke‘o
Appendix F: Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health and Resources of Concern F-11