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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan • Do not use on steep slopes if substantial rainfall is expected within 24 hours or ground is saturated. Aquatic Dissipation: Dissipation time (DT50) represents the time required for 50% of the deposited pesticide to degrade or move (dissipate); whereas, aquatic t½ describes the rate for degradation only. As for t½, units of dissipation time are usually expressed in days. Based upon the DT50 value, environmental persistence in aquatic habitats also would be categorized as one of the following: non-persistent 100 days. Threshold for Approving PUPs: If aquatic DT50 ≤100 days, then a PUP would be approved without additional BMPs to protect water quality. If aquatic DT50 >100 days, then a PUP would only be approved with additional BMPs specifically to protect water quality. One or more BMPs such as the following would be included in the Specific Best Management Practices (BMPs) section to minimize potential surface run-off and leaching that can degrade water quality: • Do not exceed one application per site per year. • Do not use on coarse-textured soils where the ground water table is 12 inches. • Do not use on steep slopes if substantial rainfall is expected within 24 hours or ground is saturated. Potential to Move to Groundwater: Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) = log10(soil t ½) x [4 – log10(Koc)]. If a DT50 value is available, it would be used rather than a t ½ value to calculate a GUS score. Based upon the GUS value, the potential to move toward groundwater would be recorded as one of the following categories: extremely low potential4.0. Threshold for Approving PUPs: If GUS ≤4.0, then a PUP would be approved without additional BMPs to protect water quality. If GUS >4.0, then a PUP would only be approved with additional BMPs specifically to protect water quality. One or more BMPs such as the following would be included in the Specific Best Management Practices (BMPs) section to minimize potential surface run-off and leaching that can degrade water quality: • Do not exceed one application per site per year. • Do not use on coarse-textured soils where the ground water table is 12 inches. • Do not use on steep slopes if substantial rainfall is expected within 24 hours or ground is saturated. Volatilization: Pesticides may volatilize (evaporate) from soil and plant surfaces and move offtarget into the atmosphere. The potential for a pesticide to volatilize is a function of its vapor pressure that is affected by temperature, sorption, soil moisture, and the pesticide’s water solubility. Vapor pressure is often expressed in mm Hg. To make these values easier to compare, vapor pressure G-40 Appendix G. Integrated Pest Management
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan would be recorded by Service personnel in exponential form (I x 10 -7 ), where I represents a vapor pressure index. In general, pesticides with I1,000 would have a high potential to volatilize (Oregon State University 1996). Vapor pressure values for pesticides are usually available in the pesticide product MSDS or the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) pesticide database (see References). Threshold for Approving PUPs: If I ≤1000, then a PUP would be approved without additional BMPs to minimize drift and protect air quality. If I >1000, then a PUP would only be approved with additional BMPs specifically to minimize drift and protect air quality. One or more BMPs such as the following would be included in the Specific Best Management Practices (BMPs) section to reduce volatilization and potential to drift and degrade air quality: • Do not treat when wind velocities are 10 mph with existing or potential inversion conditions. • Apply the large-diameter droplets possible for spray treatments. • Avoid spraying when air temperatures >85 o F. • Use the lowest spray height possible above target canopy. • Where identified on the pesticide label, soil incorporate pesticide as soon as possible during or after application. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow): The octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) is the concentration of a pesticide in octanol and water at equilibrium at a specific temperature. Because octanol is an organic solvent, it is considered a surrogate for natural organic matter. Therefore, Kow would be used to assess potential for a pesticide to bioaccumulate in tissues of aquatic species (e.g., fish). If Kow >1000 or Sw30 days, then there would be high potential for a pesticide to bioaccumulate in aquatic species such as fish (US Geological Survey 2000). Threshold for Approving PUPs: If there is not a high potential for a pesticide to bioaccumulate in aquatic species, then the PUP would be approved. If there is a high potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic species (Kow>1000 or Sw30 days), then the PUP would not approved, except under unusual circumstances where approval would only be granted by the Washington Office. Bioaccumulation/Bioconcentration: The physiological process where pesticide concentrations in tissue would increase in biota because they are taken and stored at a faster rate than they are metabolized or excreted. The potential for bioaccumulation would be evaluated through bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) or bioconcentration factors (BCFs). Based upon BAF or BCF values, the potential to bioaccumulate would be recorded as one of the following: low – 0 to 300, moderate – 300 to 1000, or high >1000 (Calabrese and Baldwin 1993). Threshold for Approving PUPs: If BAF or BCF≤1000, then a PUP would be approved without additional BMPs. Appendix G. Integrated Pest Management G-41
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Figure 1-1. Refuge vicinity. Chapte
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Figure 1-2. HFU location. Chapter 1
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Figure 1-3. KFU location. Chapter 1
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Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direct
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3.5.2 Kona Forest Unit Contaminants
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Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habit
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Species, Species Group, or Habitat
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Grasslands Hakalau Forest National
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Figure 4-6. Central windward study
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4.5.1 ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccine
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4.8.5 Mollusks Hakalau Forest Natio
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4.9.13 Phyllostegia velutina Hakala
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4.9.16 Silene hawaiiensis Hakalau F
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Horses (Equus caballus caballus) Ha
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Chapter 5. Social S an nd Economic
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Figure 5-2. 5 HFU ad dministrativ v
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Figure 5-3. 5 KFU ad dministrativ v
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5.2.3 Camping Hakalau Forest Nation
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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