Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ...

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
Comprehensive Conservation Plan
depend on native vegetation. Predation, the potential impacts of pesticides to bats or their food
resources, and other threats may also need to be addressed.
Refuge staff are interested in helping to learn more about the ‘ōpe‘ape‘a to assist in developing
conservation strategies that could be incorporated into management actions at Hakalau Forest NWR.
Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster (I & II) (USFWS 1996, 1998): The recovery plan
and addendum for plants that are found on Hawai‘i Island include 13 species that are or have been
found on one or both of the units of Hakalau Forest NWR. For the purposes of this review, we have
grouped the endangered plants according to recovery actions. This allows Refuge staff to review
recovery actions to determine the greatest conservation benefit that Refuge habitat management
actions can have on various species.
Species: Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Portulaca sclerocarpa
Recovery Action: Current populations of these species should be protected from ungulates wherever
possible, and their habitat managed for deterrence of nonnative plant invasions. Propagation and
outplanting efforts should be encouraged and continued.
Species: Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Cyanea shipmanii
Recovery Action: In order to prevent possible extinction of these taxa, maintenance of ex situ genetic
stock is necessary. The known plants should be protected from ungulates, particularly pigs, via
fencing or other means. Propagation and outplanting of ex situ stock will likely be needed in order to
establish a sufficient number of plants for recovery within each location and an additional location
will need to be established.
Species: Cyanea stictophylla
Recovery Action: In order to prevent possible extinction of this taxon, maintenance of ex situ genetic
stock is necessary. The known plants should be protected from ungulates, particularly pigs, via
fencing or other means. Propagation and outplanting of ex situ stock will likely be needed in order to
establish a sufficient number of plants for recovery within each location and an additional two
locations will need to be established.
Species: Cyrtandra tintinnabula
Recovery Action: In order to prevent possible extinction of this taxon, maintenance of ex situ genetic
stock is necessary. The known plants should be protected from ungulates, particularly pigs, via
fencing or other means. Propagation and outplanting of ex situ stock will likely be needed in order to
establish a sufficient number of plants for recovery within each location and an additional location
will need to be established. Research into pollination vectors is needed.
Species: Nothocestrum breviflorum
Recovery Action: Propagation and maintenance of ex situ genetic stock is necessary. Populations
should be protected from cattle via fencing or other means, and competing alien plant taxa,
specifically Schinus terebinthifolius, lantana, and fountain grass, should be controlled. Habitat of this
species should be protected from residential and recreational development in sufficient area to allow
for full recovery of the species.
Chapter 1. Introduction and Background 1-23