Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ...

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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan • Closed canopy on plantings over 6 years old; • Emergence of fern ground cover within 15 years; • Midcanopy composed of mixed native tree species (e.g., ‘ōhi‘a, pilo, kōlea, ‘ōlapa); • Koa density of 200-300 per acre; • Mixed tree density of 400-500 per acre; • No increase of the impact from wildland fires; • No ungulates (e.g., pigs, cattle); •
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Starting in 1987, the Refuge has been actively reforesting the native koa/‘ōhi‘a forest at HFU. The first steps were to fence and remove the ungulates that were continuing to inhibit forest regeneration, and controlling pest plants. Using koa seeds from the area, volunteers planted approximately 20,000 seedlings per year. After experimenting with a variety of site preparation methods, such as fire, discing, and herbicide, Refuge personnel prepared the planting sites through soil scarification with bulldozer scrapes. Once the koa provides a closed canopy, ‘ōhi‘a and understory species such as kōlea, ‘ōlapa, ‘ōhelo, and pūkiawe are planted under the protection of the canopy. The canopy cover provides protection from frost and excess sunlight. The koa serves as the “forest engineer” by ameliorating temperatures, adding moisture through fog condensation, and adding soil nutrients and organic matter. This koa forest restoration provides roosting, feeding, and nesting areas for native forest birds. The end result of the restoration efforts will be a healthy koa/‘ōhi‘a forest as described below. This habitat type contains a mixed-age class of koa-dominated forest and occurs from 6,000-6,600 ft. The midcanopy is dominated by a mix of flowering and fruiting trees (e.g. ‘ōlapa, ‘ākala, pilo, pūkiawe, ‘ōhelo, kōlea, kāwa‘u), mixed ferns, and epiphytes. Ground cover is dominated by mixed ferns, nonnative and native grasses, and herbs. A diverse native bird community occurs in this habitat type, primarily above the mosquito zone and in a more diverse forest plant community. Other species of conservation and management concern include the koloa maoli, ‘ōpe‘ape‘a, and endangered plants. The forest restoration program has outplanted approximately 382,000 native trees, including koa, ‘ōhi‘a, pilo, kōlea, ‘ōlapa, māmane, naio, and other natives on approximately 1,700 acres. Native forest birds currently occur in this habitat at greatly reduced numbers and diversity when compared to nearby intact forest communities, though populations are increasing as forest restoration occurs. Nēnē are found throughout the current habitat. Species of conservation and management concern include the native forest birds, ‘ōpe‘ape‘a, and endangered plants. Objective 3.6: Maintain and enhance propagation and outplanting program. Develop and implement a propagation and outplanting program that provides native common and endangered species to support restoration activities, with the following attributes: • Approximately 10,000 koa seedlings per year (or enough for approximately 70 acres per year) for the first 5 years, then 5,000 annually for the next 10 years; • 300-1,200 endangered plants per year (e.g., Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Cyanea shipmanii, Phyllostegia racemosa); • 8,000-10,000 non-koa common native plants per year. Strategies to achieve objective: Expand native plant nursery at administration site on Mauna Kea to adequately provide plant stock for outplanting program. Collect adequate seeds and cuttings to supply plant nursery. Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direction 2-27
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Figure 1-1. Refuge vicinity. Chapte
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Figure 1-2. HFU location. Chapter 1
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Figure 1-3. KFU location. Chapter 1
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Page 35 and 36: Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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Species, Species Group, or Habitat
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Grasslands Hakalau Forest National
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Figure 4-6. Central windward study
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4.5.1 ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccine
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4.8.5 Mollusks Hakalau Forest Natio
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4.9.13 Phyllostegia velutina Hakala
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4.9.16 Silene hawaiiensis Hakalau F
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Horses (Equus caballus caballus) Ha
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Chapter 5. Social S an nd Economic
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Figure 5-2. 5 HFU ad dministrativ v
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Figure 5-3. 5 KFU ad dministrativ v
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5.2.3 Camping Hakalau Forest Nation
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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Natural Processes (biotic and abiot
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Table 4-2. Resources of Concern. Ot
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Other Benefiting Species Life Histo
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6.5 Record Keeping 6.5.1 Labels and
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7.2.1 Environmental exposure Hakala
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7.2.3 Assumptions for ecological ri
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Table CP.1 Pesticide Name Trade Nam
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Date Acquired Hakalau Forest Nation
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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S
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