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4.9.16 Silene hawaiiensis Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Silene hawaiiensis is a sprawling shrub federally listed as threatened. The climbing stems are typically 6-16 in long and slightly hairy. The leaves are slender, with hairs concentrated along the margins and toward the base. The flowers, which are arranged in branched inflorescences, are greenish white and maroon below. These clusters are extremely sticky. Pale brown seeds are enclosed in a capsule (dry fruit) that is 0.26-0.31 in in length. The enlarged root is spindle-shaped. Silene hawaiiensis is endemic to the Island of Hawai„i from 3,352-7,915 ft. It occurs within montane and subalpine dry shrubland on weathered lava, on various aged lava flows, and cinder substrates (Federal Register 2003b). Historically, S. hawaiiensis could be found on the western slope of Mauna Kea, the Humu„ula Saddle, near Kīlauea Crater, and along the slopes of Mauna Loa. Current populations exist in the Hāmākua District, on Humu„ula Saddle, at PTA, north of Pu„u Keanui, and in Hawai„i Volcanoes National Park (Federal Register 2003, Mitchell et al. 2005). In 2003, there are 156 occurrences of S. hawaiiensis. From 5,651-5,751 individuals were found at Hawai„i Volcanoes National Park. The specimen identified on the KFU is currently pending verification. The shrub is found in association with the following native flora: „ōhi„a, māmane, „a„ali„i, pūkiawe, pāwale, and „ōhelo (Federal Register 2003b). Two critical habitat units covering 6,908 ac were designated for the species within Hawai„i Volcanoes National Park. These areas contain portions of Kīlauea Crater, Kīpukakulalio, Uwēkahuna Bluff, Halema„uma„u Crater, and segments of the lava flows of 1919, 1921, and 1961 (Federal Register 2003b). Significant threats to S. hawaiiensis include grazing and trampling by goats, pigs, and sheep. Ungulates easily break the branches and stems of this species. Competition with nonnative plants, especially fountain grass, is another issue. The populations are also susceptible to human impacts such as fire and disturbance due to military exercise (USFWS 1996a, Mitchell et al. 2005). No S. hawaiiensis are known from Refuge lands, however it is known to be above the HFU at approximately 7,000 ft.-10,000 ft in elevation 4.10 Other Native Plants The plants now considered native to Hawai„i arrived to the archipelago via natural means such as wind, water, or birds. According to Wagner et al. (1999), the native Hawaiian flora is comprised of roughly 956 species within 87 families. Approximately 89 percent of these species are endemic (found only in Hawai„i), while the remainder are indigenous (naturally found in Hawai„i and elsewhere). Table 4-6 lists the native plant species found on either Refuge unit. 4-70 Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Table 4-6. Native Hawaiian Plants Found on the Units of the Hakalau Forest NWR. Scientific Name Common & Hawaiian Name(s) Status Hakalau Unit Amaranthaceae Amaranth family Charpentiera obovata pāpala E X Apiaceae Parsley family Sanicula sandwicensis -- E* X Apocynaceae Dogbane family Alyxia oliviformis maile E X Aquifoliaceae Holly family Ilex anomala kāwa„u, „aiea I X X Araliaceae Panax family Cheirodendron trigynum „ōlapa E X X Tetraplasandra oahuensis „ohe mauka E X Arecaceae Palm family Pritchardia beccariana loulu E X Aspleniaceae Spleenwort family Asplenium aethiopicum „iwa„iwa a kāne I X Asplenium contiguum -- E X Asplenium lobulatum pi„ipi„i lau manamana I X X Asplenium macraei „iwa„iwa lau li„i E X Asplenium normale -- I X Asplenium schizophyllum -- E* X Asplenium unilaterale pāmoho I X Athyriaceae Lady fern family Athyrium microphyllum „akolea E X Diplazium sandwichianum ho„i„o E X Blechnaceae Blechnum fern family Sadleria cyatheoides „ama„u E X X Sadleria pallida „ama„u E X X Sadleria souleyetiana „ama„u E X Sadleria squarrosa „ama„u E X Campanulaceae Lobelia family Clermontia spp. „oha kepau, „oha wai X Cyanea marksii hāhā E* X Cyperaceae Sedge family Carex alligata -- E X Carex macloviana -- I X Carex wahuensis var. rubiginosa -- E X Eleocharis obtusa -- I X Machaerina angustifolia „uki I X Uncinia uncinata -- I X Kona Unit Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats 4-71
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Figure 1-1. Refuge vicinity. Chapte
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Figure 1-2. HFU location. Chapter 1
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Figure 1-3. KFU location. Chapter 1
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Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direct
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3.5.2 Kona Forest Unit Contaminants
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Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habit
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Species, Species Group, or Habitat
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Grasslands Hakalau Forest National
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Chapter 5. Social S an nd Economic
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Figure 5-2. 5 HFU ad dministrativ v
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Figure 5-3. 5 KFU ad dministrativ v
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5.2.3 Camping Hakalau Forest Nation
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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Natural Processes (biotic and abiot
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Table 4-2. Resources of Concern. Ot
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Other Benefiting Species Life Histo
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6.5 Record Keeping 6.5.1 Labels and
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7.2.1 Environmental exposure Hakala
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7.2.3 Assumptions for ecological ri
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Table CP.1 Pesticide Name Trade Nam
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Date Acquired Hakalau Forest Nation
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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S
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