Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ...

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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Outplanting of endangered plants in units 2 & 3 (supported by propagation program identified under Objective 1.4) as well as mix of other native plants as identified in the attributes above. Conduct site-specific fencing to protect endangered plant populations. Rationale: Control of ungulates is needed to restore acres identified as they are a major habitat modifying threat. Pigs grub up the ground and create wallows where water can collect to become mosquito breeding habitats. Mosquitoes are vectors for deadly avian diseases harmful to native forest birds. In addition, ungulates eat and trample native plants. Therefore, reforestation (which would create more forest in an elevation where climate change could impact native forest elevational gradients) would not be possible without addressing this threat first. Aerial control has been proven to be the most effective management tool in terms of efficacy and minimizing impacts of ground-based shooting and other control efforts. Shooting options would not be considered until the fencing is completed to maximize benefits while minimizing potential effects. The primary differences between the upper and lower elevation gradients in this habitat type are the increased plant diversity in the midcanopy of the upper gradient, and the change from an herbaceous ground cover in the lower gradient to a grass-dominated ground cover in the upper gradient. A diverse native bird community first appears in the upper gradient of this habitat type, primarily above the mosquito zone and in the more diverse forest. Species of conservation and management concern covered in existing recovery plans include forest birds, ‘alalā, ‘ōpe‘ape‘a, and endangered plants. The KFU was the location of the last known wild ‘alalā in the wild and fits many of the criteria outlined in the ‘Alalā Recovery Plan as a potential repatriation site. Limiting factors include a lack of native pollinators and several pest species (e.g., ungulates, rats, mice, slugs, mosquitoes, invasive plants, and diseases). Native pollinators on the Refuge include native birds and native insects. The habitat improvements outlined in each of the objectives and strategies are designed to provide suitable habitat that should help increase populations of native pollinators. Past human disturbances include traditional farming and ranching practices and fire. The effects of this past activity include increased grasslands and a loss of native plant species. This lowest elevation unit contains some intact native tree canopy but mostly highly disturbed, nonnative pest species habitat. It provides minimal life-history functions for canopy dwelling species and is the most invasive species degraded unit of the three KFU units. The amount of effort required to restore this habitat makes it best suited to serve as a buffer between lower elevation off Refuge lands and less disturbed upper elevation areas. This unit will be the lowest priority for restoration and will not likely receive active management during the life of this plan (unit1 Figure 2- 2). Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direction 2-14
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Objective 1.2: Restore and then protect and maintain native montane mesic koa/‘ōhi‘a forest. Restore and then protect and maintain 1,800 acres of native montane mesic koa/‘ōhi‘a forest for all life-history needs of endangered plant and animal species, with special emphasis for Hawai‘i ‘ākepa, Hawai‘i creeper, ‘akiapōlā‘au, and the repatriation of ‘alalā; with the following attributes: • 4,500-5,800 ft in elevation; • Koa and ‘ōhi‘a dominated canopy; • Midcanopy is dominated by a mix of native flowering and fruiting trees (e.g., Clermontia sp., pilo, pūkiawe, ‘ōhelo, kōlea, kāwa‘u), tree ferns, mixed ferns, and epiphytes; • Ground cover is dominated by a mix of native ferns, herbs and forbs; • No ungulates (e.g., pigs, sheep); • No new invertebrate and plant pest species; •
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habit
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Species, Species Group, or Habitat
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Grasslands Hakalau Forest National
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Figure 4-6. Central windward study
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4.5.1 ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccine
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4.8.5 Mollusks Hakalau Forest Natio
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4.9.13 Phyllostegia velutina Hakala
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4.9.16 Silene hawaiiensis Hakalau F
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest Nati
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Horses (Equus caballus caballus) Ha
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Chapter 5. Social S an nd Economic
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Figure 5-2. 5 HFU ad dministrativ v
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Figure 5-3. 5 KFU ad dministrativ v
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5.2.3 Camping Hakalau Forest Nation
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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Natural Processes (biotic and abiot
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Table 4-2. Resources of Concern. Ot
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Other Benefiting Species Life Histo
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6.5 Record Keeping 6.5.1 Labels and
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7.2.1 Environmental exposure Hakala
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7.2.3 Assumptions for ecological ri
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Table CP.1 Pesticide Name Trade Nam
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Date Acquired Hakalau Forest Nation
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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S
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