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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Table 4-10. List of Invasive Plant Species Known to Currently Occur at Hakalau Forest NWR. Species Common Name(s) Hakalau Forest Kona Forest HPWRA Score Anacardiaceae Mango family Schinus terebinthefolius Christmas berry X 19 Aquifoliaceae Holly family Ilex aquafolia English holly X Asteraceae Sunflower family Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat‟s ear X X Senecio madagascariensis fireweed X 23 Senecio mikanioides German ivy X X Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle family Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle X 12 Cucurbitaceae Gourd family Coccinia grandis ivy gourd X Cupressaceae Cypress family Cryptomeria japonica Sugi pine X -3 Euphorbiaceae Spurge family Ricinus communis castor bean X Fabaceae Bean, pea family Ulex europaeus gorse X 20 Juncaceae Rush family Juncus effuses Japanese mat rush, common rush Melastomataceae Melastoma family Clidemia hirta Koster‟s curse X Tibouchina herbacea glorybush, cane tibouchina X 24 Tibouchina urvilleana -- X 10 Myricaceae Bayberry family Morella faya firetree Myrtaceae Myrtle family Eucalyptus spp. eucalyptus X Psidium cattleianum strawberry guava X X 18 Onagraceae Evening primrose family Fuchsia spp. fuchsia X Passifloraceae Passion flower family Passiflora mollissima banana poka X X Pinaceae Pine family Pinus spp. pine X Poaceae Grass family Andropogon virginicus broomsedge X Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernalgrass X Agrostis alba redtop X Axonopus fissifolius narrow-leaved carpetgrass X 16 Ehrharta stipoides weeping grass, meadow ricegrass X X 4-98 Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats X
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Species Common Name(s) Hakalau Forest Kona Forest HPWRA Score Holcus lanatus velvetgrass X Paspalum dilatatum dallis grass X 12 Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu grass X 18 Polygonaceae Buckwheat family Rumex acetosella common sheep sorrel X Proteaceae Protea family Grevillea robusta silky oak X 5 Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Anemone hupehensis Roseaceae Japanese anemone X Photinia davidiana photinia X -2 Rubus argutus Florida blackberry X X 21.5 Rubus rosifolius Thimbleberry X X Zingiberaceae Ginger family Hedychium gardnerianum Kahili ginger X X 16 Source: Jacobi and Price (2007), Barnett and Simonson (2008). Hakalau Forest Unit Numerous invasive plant surveys have been conducted at HFU (Stone et al. 1991, Jacobi and Price 2007, Barnett and Simonson 2008), where approximately 45 nonnative plant species have been recorded. Although similar nonnative species occur at all elevations, the highest concentration of nonnatives are found at the higher elevations from 5,000-5,500 ft compared to the lower elevation forest (Barnett and Simonson 2008). This trend has also been observed in other Hawaiian forests (D‟Antonio et al. 2000); in comparison to high-elevation sites, middle elevations have steeper topography and greater precipitation, resulting in denser forests that are less accessible to humans, ungulates, and nonnative plant species (Pejchar and Press 2006). At the HFU, historical anthropogenic impacts that occurred at higher elevations, such as cattle ranching, logging, and fire, removed the native forest and allowed for the invasion of nonnative plant species (Scowcroft and Jeffrey 1999, Barnett and Simonson 2008). Adjacent land uses also increase the continued problem of invasive species. Invasive plants are abundant at the adjacent Pīhā Game Management Area due to the presence of pigs that act as vectors (Jeffrey, pers. comm.). Jacobi and Price (2007) focused on 25 invasive plant species that pose a serious threat by displacing native plants and disrupting native ecosystems. Three species (Ehrharta stipoides, Juncus effuses, and Rubus argutus) showed an increase in frequency from 1987-2007. Barnett and Simonson (2008) found a negative relationship between nonnative species cover and native canopy cover suggesting that disturbances that reduce canopy cover increase the ability of invasion. Pattison et al. (1998) found a similar trend and suggested that invasive species have a higher ability to capture and utilize light resources, particularly in high-light, disturbed areas. Invasive plants such as gorse, Florida blackberry, English holly, Photinea, and banana poka are being controlled at the HFU using a combination of mechanical and chemical removal. Additional invasive plant control techniques include removal of ungulates and reforestation with native species. Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats 4-99
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Figure 1-1. Refuge vicinity. Chapte
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Figure 1-2. HFU location. Chapter 1
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Figure 1-3. KFU location. Chapter 1
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Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direct
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3.5.2 Kona Forest Unit Contaminants
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Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habit
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Species, Species Group, or Habitat
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Grasslands Hakalau Forest National
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Figure 4-6. Central windward study
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4.5.1 ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccine
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Page 182 and 183: Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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Natural Processes (biotic and abiot
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Table 4-2. Resources of Concern. Ot
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Other Benefiting Species Life Histo
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6.5 Record Keeping 6.5.1 Labels and
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7.2.1 Environmental exposure Hakala
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7.2.3 Assumptions for ecological ri
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Table CP.1 Pesticide Name Trade Nam
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Date Acquired Hakalau Forest Nation
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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S
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