Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ...

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Scientific Name Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Common & Hawaiian Name(s) Status Hakalau Unit Poaceae Grass family Deschampsia nubigena -- E X Isachne distichophylla „ohe E X Polygonaceae Buckwheat family Rumex giganteus pāwale, uhauhakō E X Polypodiaceae Polypody fern family Polypodium pellucidum „ae, „ae lau nui E X Psilotaceae Whisk fern family Psilotum complanatum moa I X Psilotum nudum moa, pipi I X Pteridaceae Pteris fern family Adiantum capillus-veneris „iwa„iwa I X Coniogramme pilosa lo„ulu E X Pteris cretica „ōali I X Pteris excelsa waimakanui, „iwa I X Pteris irregularis mānā, ā„hewa E X Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Ranunculus hawaiensis makou E* X Rosaceae Rose family Fragaria chiloensis „ōhelo papa I* X Rubus hawaiiensis „ākala, kala E Rubus macraei „ākala, kala E* X Rubiaceae Coffee family Coprosma spp. pilo E X Hedyotis terminalis manono E X Rutaceae Rue family Platydesma remyi pilo kea E X Santalaceae Santalum paniculatum „iliahi, sandalwood E X Selaginellaceae Spikemoss family Selaginella arbuscula lepelepe a moa E X Smilacaceae Catbriar family Smilax melastomifolia hoi kuahiwi E X Solanaceae Tomato, potato family Nothocestrum longifolium „aiea E X Theaceae Camellia family Eurya sandwicensis ānini E* X Thelypteridaceae Maiden fern family Amauropelta globulifera palapalai a kamapua„a E X Christella cyatheoides kikawaiō, kikawaioa E X Pseudophegopteris keraudreniana waimakanui, „ākōlea E X Pneumatopteris sandwicensis hō„i„o kula E X Urticaceae Nettle family Kona Unit 4-74 Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats
Scientific Name Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Common & Hawaiian Name(s) Status Hakalau Unit Pipturus albidus māmaki, waimea E X Urera glabra ōpuhe, hōpue E X Woodsiaceae Cystopteris douglasii -- E* X Status: E = Endemic; I = Indigenous; * = Species of Concern (former candidate endangered species, or species otherwise considered rare by refuge officials). Sources: Stone et al. 1991, USFWS 2002b, USFWS 2008. Kona Unit Since humans came to the islands, populations of Hawai„i‟s native vegetation have greatly declined. Native plant taxa in Hawai„i evolved on the islands without common plant defenses such as poisonous compounds, prickles, and spines (Lindqvist et al. 2003). The absence of these defenses leaves native plants especially vulnerable to ungulates and other nonnative herbivores. In addition, introduced species are better adapted to fire than native plants. Although some native species appear to be tolerant (koa, māmane, naio, „a„ali„i, „ōhelo), no native Hawaiian plants require fire in order to regenerate (Smith and Tunison 1992, USFWS 1996, USFWS 2002a). More recently, competition from nonnative vegetation has suppressed regrowth or success of native plants. Native plant species richness and cover decreased with elevation (Barnett and Simonson 2008). In the pasture areas of the HFU, native plant populations were historically altered by grazing, logging, and possibly fire, eliminating the native seed bank. At lower elevations the native seed bank was reduced because of continued cattle grazing and pig disturbance for well over 100 years (Jeffrey, pers. comm.). Similarly, the KFU has been exposed to grazing, browsing, and pig disturbance; however, because the forest canopy is intact and some rare native plants located in skylights on the unit have been protected from ungulates, a seed bank for most species still exists. Since 1987, the Refuge has been conducting extensive reforestation research, ungulate control, nonnative plant control, and native plant and tree planting activities to help facilitate natural regeneration of native plant communities and natural processes of succession at the Refuge. Over 400,000 native trees are planted in mauka to makai corridors to provide foraging cover, and nesting sites for native forest birds on Mauna Kea. The planting restoration effort is largely concentrated in the upper portions of the Refuge 5,500 - 6,600 ft as these areas have been the most heavily disturbed by ranching and other human activities (USFWS 1996b). Between 2006-2007, roughly 122 ac of upland habitat was restored on the HFU (USFWS 2006, 2007). Supplemental funding and supplies for restoration have come from Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Hilo Rotary Club, American Forestry Association, Waimea State Tree Nursery, and DOFAW. Volunteers are an integral part of the effort, donating over 7,000 personhours annually. These volunteers collect seeds; plant and fertilize native species; assist with monitoring and surveys of flora and fauna, the annual open house, and nonnative weed control (USFWS unpub.). Exclosure studies have shown that rapid regeneration of native species, especially koa and „ōhi„a, does occur in the absence of ungulates where a seed bank exists (USFWS, unpub. data). Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habitats 4-75
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hakala
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Executive Summary Executive Summary
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Executive Summary Hakalau Forest Na
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Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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vi Hakalau Forest National Wildlife
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Figure 1-1. Refuge vicinity. Chapte
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Figure 1-2. HFU location. Chapter 1
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Figure 1-3. KFU location. Chapter 1
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Chapter 2. Refuge Management Direct
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3.5.2 Kona Forest Unit Contaminants
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Chapter 4. Refuge Biology and Habit
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Species, Species Group, or Habitat
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Grasslands Hakalau Forest National
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Figure 4-6. Central windward study
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Page 158 and 159: Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Re
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Chapter 5. Social S an nd Economic
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Figure 5-2. 5 HFU ad dministrativ v
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Figure 5-3. 5 KFU ad dministrativ v
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5.2.3 Camping Hakalau Forest Nation
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Kona Forest Unit Hakalau Forest Nat
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5.3.6 Refuge Contribution Hakalau F
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Appendices Above: Nēnē/John De Me
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Critical Habitat Hakalau Forest Nat
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Critical Habitat Life Year First Fa
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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Genus Species Hawaiian/Common Name
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3x3 Code Genus Species Syn Status I
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Use: Wildlife Observation and Photo
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Availability of Resources: Hakalau
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Wildlife Photography: Hakalau Fores
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Public Review and Comment: Hakalau
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Anticipated Impacts of the Use(s):
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� Surveys: Scientific inventory o
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Permits Hakalau Forest National Wil
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Attachment 2 Study title: Fiscal ye
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Use: University of Hawai‘i Field
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References Cited: Hakalau Forest Na
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Activity 5-year intervals: 2015, 20
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Comments or suggestions: Hakalau Fo
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Natural Processes (biotic and abiot
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Table 4-2. Resources of Concern. Ot
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Other Benefiting Species Life Histo
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6.5 Record Keeping 6.5.1 Labels and
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7.2.1 Environmental exposure Hakala
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7.2.3 Assumptions for ecological ri
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Table CP.1 Pesticide Name Trade Nam
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Date Acquired Hakalau Forest Nation
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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S
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