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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapter 2, the suspension of NNSC inspections on May 31, 1956 and the cancellation of Paragraph 13(d) prohibiting rearmaments on June 21, 1957 were the two main events that undermined the implementation of the Armistice Agreement. Another characteristic was repeated armistice violations raised at MAC meetings which developed into a “zero-sum game.” Also, the Korean War was only replaced by “negative peace.” Against this background, one main purpose of Chapter 3 is to find out whether developments during the 1960s differed from earlier ones or not. In section two, data on rearmaments are recorded, including the role of the NNSC. Political developments in and around the Korean peninsula are briefly included. How rearmaments were raised at MAC meetings is subsequently investigated. Since the presence of American troops in South Korea is closely related to rearmaments, the troop withdrawal issue is also analyzed on the basis of MAC meetings. Militarization of the DMZ is another related issue investigated in the section, but the account only aims to present basic data on this well-known issue. Most attention is devoted to armistice violations. The third section begins by presenting explanations of violations and some data on them. Then violations committed on land raised at MAC meetings are investigated through a chronological account. The fourth section focuses on the repatriation of officers: In addition, investigations of joint observer teams are compared with developments during the 1950s. The fifth section analyzes violations at sea and in the air raised at MAC meetings. Data on the number of armistice violations are 120 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
included here. In both sections, opinions on the incidents that are regarded as particularly serious are recorded and evaluated. The sixth section deals with the work by the MAC and the NNSC. Data on armistice violations are also recorded in the analysis of the NNSC’s work, although in more general terms than in sections 3.3-3.5. Some controversial issues that were raised within the NNSC are also investigated. Since North Korea’s seizure in January 1968 of the USS Pueblo is an armistice violation that has since received considerable attention, the seventh section is devoted to this issue but begins by investigating the January 1968 North Korean commando Blue House raid to assassinate President Park Chung Hee (1963-1979). The account mainly analyzes how these events were handled in the MAC and, in the Pueblo case, through US-North Korea talks. Since the Pueblo incident is one of the most investigated armistice violations, the account focuses on its main characteristics but gives more attention to the role of the NNSC during the crisis than normally. The impact on US-North Korea, US-South Korea and inter-Korean relations is included in the analysis. Explanations of the Pueblo incident are presented and evaluated. 3.2 Rearmaments and Withdrawal of American Troops raised in the MAC According to the South Korean scholar Kim Bo-Young (2003), the most serious violation of the Armistice Agreement during the 1960s was that of Paragraph 13(c) and (d): both personnel and weapons were brought in. In the author’s opinion, such a situation reflects Rising Tensions on the Korean Peninsula during the 1960s 121
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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Page 89 and 90: without any harm to the armistice c
Page 91 and 92: ports of entry had reached a dead e
Page 93 and 94: earming South Korea in violation of
Page 95 and 96: the NNSC to work in North Korea and
Page 97 and 98: At the same time, the South Korean
Page 99 and 100: emaining teams became “subteams
Page 101 and 102: ment “... regulating the activiti
Page 103 and 104: violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
Page 105 and 106: The UNC/MAC representative maintain
Page 107 and 108: Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
Page 109 and 110: menting its provisions had become i
Page 111 and 112: to establish that the plane was arm
Page 113 and 114: The UNC informed the NNSC about its
Page 115 and 116: pointed out that the North abused t
Page 117 and 118: an informal meeting in the part of
Page 119 and 120: Swiss view was again that the issue
Page 121 and 122: alance. In a missive letter from th
Page 123 and 124: NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
Page 125 and 126: Affairs that work was mainly routin
Page 127 and 128: 2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
Page 129 and 130: were also invited to get some orien
Page 131 and 132: negative peace. The defection from
Page 133 and 134: existence of a neutral commission w
Page 135: the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
Page 140 and 141: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
Page 142 and 143: Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
Page 144 and 145: The military build-up repeatedly ca
Page 146 and 147: illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
Page 148 and 149: As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
Page 150 and 151: for about ten years but from the su
Page 152 and 153: When large-scale North Korean intru
Page 154 and 155: was foolish; the issue was an inter
Page 156 and 157: When the 227th meeting proposed by
Page 158 and 159: incidents had been fabricated by th
Page 160 and 161: data, that he was not a returning d
Page 162 and 163: on American and South Korean forces
Page 164 and 165: 14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
Page 166 and 167: number of killed South Koreans fell
Page 168 and 169: woman who sold eggs in the village.
Page 170 and 171: October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
Page 172 and 173: Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
Page 174 and 175: harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
Page 176 and 177: demand was repeated at the followin
Page 178 and 179: As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
Page 180 and 181: sequently removed the bodies from t
Page 182 and 183: to fish in territory that extended
Page 184 and 185: KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
Page 186 and 187: abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
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Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
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August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
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December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
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March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
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1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
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June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
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Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
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Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
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Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
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Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
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Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
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Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
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[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
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Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
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in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
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